Empagliflozin And Metformin Hydrochloride

1 INDICATIONS AND USAGE SYNJARDY SYNJARDY is a combination of empagliflozin, a sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor and metformin hydrochloride (HCl) immediate-release, a biguanide, indicated as an adjunct to diet and exercise to improve glycemic control in adults and pediatric patients aged 10 years and older with type 2 diabetes mellitus. SYNJARDY XR SYNJARDY XR is a combination of empagliflozin, a SGLT2 inhibitor and metformin HCl extended-release, a biguanide, indicated as an adjunct to diet and exercise to improve glycemic control in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus . Empagliflozin Empagliflozin, when used as a component of SYNJARDY or SYNJARDY XR, is indicated in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus to reduce the risk of: Cardiovascular (CV) death in adults with established CV disease. ( 1 ) CV death and hospitalization for heart failure in adults with heart failure. ( 1 ) Sustained decline in eGFR, end-stage kidney disease, CV death, and hospitalization in adults with chronic kidney disease at risk of progression. ( 1 ) Limitations of Use : Not recommended for use to improve glycemic control in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus. It may increase the risk of diabetic ketoacidosis in these patients. ( 1 ) Because of the metformin HCl component, the use of SYNJARDY or SYNJARDY XR is limited to patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus for all indications. ( 1 ) Empagliflozin, when used as a component of SYNJARDY or SYNJARDY XR, is not recommended for the treatment of chronic kidney disease in patients with polycystic kidney disease or patients requiring or with a recent history of intravenous immunosuppressive therapy or greater than 45 mg of prednisone or equivalent for kidney disease. Empagliflozin is not expected to be effective in these populations. ( 1 ) SYNJARDY SYNJARDY is a combination of empagliflozin and metformin hydrochloride (HCl) immediate-release indicated as an adjunct to diet and exercise to improve glycemic control in adults and pediatric patients aged 10 years and older with type 2 diabetes mellitus . SYNJARDY XR SYNJARDY XR is a combination of empagliflozin and metformin HCl extended-release indicated as an adjunct to diet and exercise to improve glycemic control in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus . Empagliflozin Empagliflozin, when used as a component of SYNJARDY or SYNJARDY XR, is indicated in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus to reduce the risk of: Cardiovascular (CV) death in adults with established CV disease. CV death and hospitalization for heart failure in adults with heart failure. Sustained decline in eGFR, end-stage kidney disease, CV death, and hospitalization in adults with chronic kidney disease at risk of progression. Limitations of Use SYNJARDY and SYNJARDY XR are not recommended for use to improve glycemic control in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus. It may increase the risk of diabetic ketoacidosis in these patients [see Warnings and Precautions (5.2) ] . Because of the metformin HCl component, the use of SYNJARDY or SYNJARDY XR is limited to patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus for all indications. Empagliflozin, when used as a component of SYNJARDY or SYNJARDY XR, is not recommended for the treatment of chronic kidney disease in patients with polycystic kidney disease or patients requiring or with a recent history of intravenous immunosuppressive therapy or greater than 45 mg of prednisone or equivalent for kidney disease [see Clinical Studies (14.5) ] . Empagliflozin is not expected to be effective in these populations.

2 DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION Assess renal function before initiating and as clinically indicated. Assess volume status and correct volume depletion before initiating. ( 2.1 ) Individualize the starting dosage based on the patient's current regimen and renal function. ( 2.2 , 2.3 , 2.4 ) The maximum recommended dosage is 25 mg/day of empagliflozin and 2,000 mg/day of metformin HCl. ( 2.2 , 2.3 ) Initiation of SYNJARDY or SYNJARDY XR is not recommended in patients with an eGFR less than 45 mL/min/1.73 m 2 , due to the metformin HCl component. ( 2.4 ) SYNJARDY: take orally twice daily with meals, with gradual dosage escalation to reduce the gastrointestinal adverse reactions due to metformin HCl. ( 2.2 , 2.3 ) SYNJARDY XR: take orally once daily with a meal in the morning, with gradual dosage escalation to reduce the gastrointestinal adverse reactions due to metformin HCl. Swallow whole; do not split, crush, dissolve, or chew. ( 2.2 ) SYNJARDY or SYNJARDY XR may need to be discontinued at time of, or prior to, iodinated contrast imaging procedures. ( 2.5 ) Withhold SYNJARDY or SYNJARDY XR at least 3 days, if possible, prior to surgery or procedures associated with prolonged fasting. ( 2.6 ) 2.1 Testing Prior to Initiation of SYNJARDY or SYNJARDY XR Assess renal function before initiating SYNJARDY or SYNJARDY XR and as clinically indicated [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1 , 5.3) ] . Assess volume status. In patients with volume depletion, correct this condition before initiating SYNJARDY or SYNJARDY XR [see Warnings and Precautions (5.3) and Use in Specific Populations (8.5 , 8.6) ] . 2.2 Recommended Dosage and Administration of SYNJARDY or SYNJARDY XR in Adults When switching to SYNJARDY or SYNJARDY XR from: Metformin HCl: initiate SYNJARDY or SYNJARDY XR at a similar total daily dosage of metformin HCl and a total daily empagliflozin dosage of 10 mg. Empagliflozin: initiate SYNJARDY or SYNJARDY XR at the same total daily dosage of empagliflozin and a total daily metformin HCl dosage of 1,000 mg. Empagliflozin and metformin HCl: initiate SYNJARDY or SYNJARDY XR at the same total daily dosages of each component. Recommended dosage of SYNJARDY or SYNJARDY XR: The recommended total daily dosage of empagliflozin is 10 mg. For additional glycemic control, empagliflozin may be increased to a maximum total daily dosage of 25 mg in patients tolerating 10 mg daily and metformin HCl may be increased to a maximum total daily dosage of 2,000 mg, with gradual escalation to reduce gastrointestinal adverse reactions with metformin HCl [see Adverse Reactions (6.1) ]. Take SYNJARDY orally twice daily with meals. Take SYNJARDY XR orally once daily with a meal in the morning. Swallow each tablet whole. Do not split, crush, dissolve, or chew. 2.3 Recommended Dosage and Administration of SYNJARDY in Pediatric Patients Aged 10 Years and Older Individualize the dosage of SYNJARDY based on the patient's current regimen. Monitor effectiveness and tolerability, and adjust dosage as appropriate, not to exceed the maximum total daily dosage of empagliflozin 25 mg and metformin HCl 2,000 mg . Take SYNJARDY orally twice daily with meals; with gradual dose escalation to reduce gastrointestinal adverse reactions with metformin HCl [see Adverse Reactions (6.1) ]. 2.4 Dosage Recommendations in Patients with Renal Impairment Initiation of SYNJARDY or SYNJARDY XR is not recommended in patients with an eGFR less than 45 mL/min/1.73 m 2 , due to the metformin HCl component. SYNJARDY and SYNJARDY XR are contraindicated in patients with an eGFR less than 30 mL/min/1.73 m 2 [see Contraindications (4) , Warnings and Precautions (5.1) , and Use in Specific Populations (8.6) ] . 2.5 Discontinuation for Iodinated Contrast Imaging Procedures Discontinue SYNJARDY or SYNJARDY XR at the time of, or prior to, an iodinated contrast imaging procedure in patients with an eGFR less than 60 mL/min/1.73 m 2 ; in patients with a history of liver disease, alcoholism or heart failure; or in patients who will be administered intra-arterial iodinated contrast. Re-evaluate eGFR 48 hours after the imaging procedure; restart SYNJARDY or SYNJARDY XR if renal function is stable [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1) ] . 2.6 Temporary Interruption for Surgery Withhold SYNJARDY or SYNJARDY XR for at least 3 days, if possible, prior to surgery or procedures associated with prolonged fasting. Resume SYNJARDY or SYNJARDY XR when the patient is clinically stable and has resumed oral intake [see Warnings and Precautions (5.2) and Clinical Pharmacology (12.2) ] . 2.7 Recommendations Regarding Missed Dose If a dose is missed, instruct patients to take the dose as soon as possible. Advise patients not to double up the next dose.

6 ADVERSE REACTIONS The following important adverse reactions are described below and elsewhere in the labeling: Lactic Acidosis [see Boxed Warning and Warnings and Precautions (5.1) ] Diabetic Ketoacidosis in Patients with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus and Other Ketoacidosis [see Warnings and Precautions (5.2) ] Volume Depletion [see Warnings and Precautions (5.3) ] Genitourinary Infections, including Urosepsis, Pyelonephritis, Necrotizing Fasciitis of the Perineum (Fournier's Gangrene), and Genital Mycotic Infections [see Warnings and Precautions (5.4) ] Hypoglycemia [see Warnings and Precautions (5.5) ] Lower Limb Amputation [see Warnings and Precautions (5.6) ] Hypersensitivity Reactions [see Warnings and Precautions (5.7) ] Vitamin B 12 Deficiency [see Warnings and Precautions (5.8) ] Most common adverse reactions associated with empagliflozin (5% or greater incidence) were urinary tract infections and female genital mycotic infections. ( 6.1 ) Most common adverse reactions associated with metformin HCl (>5%) are diarrhea, nausea/vomiting, flatulence, abdominal discomfort, indigestion, asthenia, and headache. ( 6.1 ) To report SUSPECTED ADVERSE REACTIONS, contact Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc. at 1-800-542-6257 or FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088 or www.fda.gov/medwatch . 6.1 Clinical Trials Experience Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of a drug cannot be directly compared to rates in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in practice. The safety of concomitantly administered empagliflozin (daily dosage 10 mg or 25 mg) and metformin HCl (mean daily dosage of approximately 1,800 mg) has been evaluated in 3,456 adult patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus treated for 16 to 24 weeks, of which 926 patients received placebo, 1,271 patients received a daily dosage of empagliflozin 10 mg, and 1,259 patients received a daily dosage of empagliflozin 25 mg. Discontinuation of therapy due to adverse events across treatment groups was 3.0%, 2.8%, and 2.9% for placebo, empagliflozin 10 mg, and empagliflozin 25 mg, respectively. Adverse Reactions in a Clinical Trial with Empagliflozin (Add-On Combination Therapy with Metformin HCl and Sulfonylurea) for Glycemic Control in Adults with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus In a 24-week placebo-controlled trial of empagliflozin 10 mg or 25 mg administered once daily added to metformin HCl and sulfonylurea, adverse reactions reported in ≥5% of empagliflozin-treated patients and more commonly than in placebo-treated patients are presented in Table 1 (see also Table 4 ). Table 1 Adverse Reactions Reported in ≥5% of Adults with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Treated with Empagliflozin added on to Metformin HCl plus Sulfonylurea and Greater than with Placebo in a 24-week Placebo Controlled Clinical Trial Adverse Reactions Placebo (%) n=225 Empagliflozin 10 mg (%) n=224 Empagliflozin 25 mg (%) n=217 Hypoglycemia 9.8 15.6 12.9 Urinary tract infection 6.7 9.4 6.9 Nasopharyngitis 4.9 8.0 6.0 Empagliflozin Clinical Trials in Adults with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus The data in Table 2 are derived from a pool of four 24-week placebo-controlled trials and 18-week data from a placebo-controlled trial with basal insulin in adult patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Empagliflozin was used as monotherapy in one trial and as add-on therapy in four trials [see Clinical Studies (14.1) ] . These data reflect exposure of 1,976 adult patients to empagliflozin with a mean exposure duration of approximately 23 weeks. Patients received placebo (N=995), empagliflozin 10 mg (N=999), or empagliflozin 25 mg (N=977) once daily. The mean age of the population was 56 years and 3% were older than 75 years of age. More than half (55%) of the population was male; 46% were White, 50% were Asian, and 3% were Black or African American. At baseline, 57% of the population had diabetes mellitus more than 5 years and had a mean hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) of 8%. Established microvascular complications of diabetes mellitus at baseline included diabetic nephropathy (7%), retinopathy (8%), or neuropathy (16%). Baseline renal function was normal or mildly impaired in 91% of patients and moderately impaired in 9% of patients (mean eGFR 86.8 mL/min/1.73 m 2 ). Table 2 shows adverse reactions (excluding hypoglycemia) that were not present at baseline, occurred more commonly in empagliflozin-treated patients than placebo-treated patients, and occurred in greater than or equal to 2% of empagliflozin-treated patients. Table 2 Adverse Reactions Reported in ≥2% of Adults with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Treated with Empagliflozin and Greater than Placebo in Pooled Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trials of Empagliflozin Monotherapy or Combination Therapy Adverse Reactions Placebo (%) N=995 Empagliflozin 10 mg (%) N=999 Empagliflozin 25 mg (%) N=977 a Predefined adverse event grouping, including, but not limited to, urinary tract infection, asymptomatic bacteriuria, cystitis b Female genital mycotic infections include the following adverse reactions: vulvovaginal mycotic infection, vaginal infection, vulvitis, vulvovaginal candidiasis, genital infection, genital candidiasis, genital infection fungal, genitourinary tract infection, vulvovaginitis, cervicitis, urogenital infection fungal, vaginitis bacterial. Percentages calculated with the number of female subjects in each group as denominator: placebo (N=481), empagliflozin 10 mg (N=443), empagliflozin 25 mg (N=420). c Predefined adverse event grouping, including, but not limited to, polyuria, pollakiuria, and nocturia d Male genital mycotic infections include the following adverse reactions: balanoposthitis, balanitis, genital infections fungal, genitourinary tract infection, balanitis candida, scrotal abscess, penile infection. Percentages calculated with the number of male subjects in each group as denominator: placebo (N=514), empagliflozin 10 mg (N=556), empagliflozin 25 mg (N=557). Urinary tract infection a 7.6 9.3 7.6 Female genital mycotic infections b 1.5 5.4 6.4 Upper respiratory tract infection 3.8 3.1 4.0 Increased urination c 1.0 3.4 3.2 Dyslipidemia 3.4 3.9 2.9 Arthralgia 2.2 2.4 2.3 Male genital mycotic infections d 0.4 3.1 1.6 Nausea 1.4 2.3 1.1 Thirst (including polydipsia) was reported in 0%, 1.7%, and 1.5% for placebo, empagliflozin 10 mg, and empagliflozin 25 mg, respectively. Volume Depletion Empagliflozin causes an osmotic diuresis, which may lead to intravascular volume contraction and adverse reactions related to volume depletion. In the pool of five placebo-controlled clinical trials in adults, adverse reactions related to volume depletion (e.g., blood pressure (ambulatory) decreased, blood pressure systolic decreased, dehydration, hypotension, hypovolemia, orthostatic hypotension, and syncope) were reported by 0.3%, 0.5%, and 0.3% of patients treated with placebo, empagliflozin 10 mg, and empagliflozin 25 mg, respectively. Empagliflozin may increase the risk of hypotension in patients at risk for volume contraction [see Use in Specific Populations (8.5 , 8.6) ]. Increased Urination In the pool of five placebo-controlled clinical trials in adults, adverse reactions of increased urination (e.g., polyuria, pollakiuria, and nocturia) occurred more frequently on empagliflozin than on placebo (see Table 2 ). Specifically, nocturia was reported by 0.4%, 0.3%, and 0.8% of patients treated with placebo, empagliflozin 10 mg, and empagliflozin 25 mg, respectively. Hypoglycemia in Clinical Trials with Empagliflozin for Glycemic Control in Adults with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus The incidence of hypoglycemia in adults by trial is shown in Table 3. The incidence of hypoglycemia increased when empagliflozin was administered with insulin or sulfonylurea. Table 3 Incidence of Overall a and Severe b Hypoglycemic Events in Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trials for Glycemic Control in Adults with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus c a Overall hypoglycemic events: plasma or capillary glucose of less than or equal to 70 mg/dL b Severe hypoglycemic events: requiring assistance regardless of blood glucose c Treated set (patients who had received at least one dosage of trial drug) d Insulin dosage could not be adjusted during the initial 18-week treatment period Monotherapy (24 weeks) Placebo (n=229) Empagliflozin 10 mg (n=224) Empagliflozin 25 mg (n=223) Overall (%) 0.4 0.4 0.4 Severe (%) 0 0 0 In Combination with Metformin HCl (24 weeks) Placebo + Metformin HCl (n=206) Empagliflozin 10 mg + Metformin HCl (n=217) Empagliflozin 25 mg + Metformin HCl (n=214) Overall (%) 0.5 1.8 1.4 Severe (%) 0 0 0 In Combination with Metformin HCl + Sulfonylurea (24 weeks) Placebo (n=225) Empagliflozin 10 mg + Metformin HCl + Sulfonylurea (n=224) Empagliflozin 25 mg + Metformin HCl + Sulfonylurea (n=217) Overall (%) 8.4 16.1 11.5 Severe (%) 0 0 0 In Combination with Pioglitazone +/- Metformin HCl (24 weeks) Placebo (n=165) Empagliflozin 10 mg + Pioglitazone +/- Metformin HCl (n=165) Empagliflozin 25 mg + Pioglitazone +/- Metformin HCl (n=168) Overall (%) 1.8 1.2 2.4 Severe (%) 0 0 0 In Combination with Basal Insulin +/- Metformin HCl (18 weeks d ) Placebo (n=170) Empagliflozin 10 mg (n=169) Empagliflozin 25 mg (n=155) Overall (%) 20.6 19.5 28.4 Severe (%) 0 0 1.3 In Combination with MDI Insulin +/- Metformin HCl (18 weeks d ) Placebo (n=188) Empagliflozin 10 mg (n=186) Empagliflozin 25 mg (n=189) Overall (%) 37.2 39.8 41.3 Severe (%) 0.5 0.5 0.5 Other Adverse Reactions in Clinical Trials with Empagliflozin in Adults Genital Mycotic Infections : In the pool of five placebo-controlled clinical trials, the incidence of genital mycotic infections (e.g., vaginal mycotic infection, vaginal infection, genital infection fungal, vulvovaginal candidiasis, and vulvitis) was increased in patients treated with empagliflozin compared to placebo, occurring in 0.9%, 4.1%, and 3.7% of patients randomized to placebo, empagliflozin 10 mg, and empagliflozin 25 mg, respectively. Discontinuation from trial due to genital infection occurred in 0% of placebo-treated patients and 0.2% of patients treated with either empagliflozin 10 mg or 25 mg. Genital mycotic infections occurred more frequently in female than male patients (see Table 2 ). Phimosis occurred more frequently in male patients treated with empagliflozin 10 mg (less than 0.1%) and empagliflozin 25 mg (0.1%) than placebo (0%). Urinary Tract Infections : In the pool of five placebo-controlled clinical trials, the incidence of urinary tract infections (e.g., urinary tract infection, asymptomatic bacteriuria, and cystitis) was increased in patients treated with empagliflozin compared to placebo (see Table 2 ). Patients with a history of chronic or recurrent urinary tract infections were more likely to experience a urinary tract infection. The rate of treatment discontinuation due to urinary tract infections was 0.1%, 0.2%, and 0.1% for placebo, empagliflozin 10 mg, and empagliflozin 25 mg, respectively. Urinary tract infections occurred more frequently in female patients. The incidence of urinary tract infections in female patients randomized to placebo, empagliflozin 10 mg, and empagliflozin 25 mg was 16.6%, 18.4%, and 17.0%, respectively. The incidence of urinary tract infections in male patients randomized to placebo, empagliflozin 10 mg, and empagliflozin 25 mg was 3.2%, 3.6%, and 4.1%, respectively [see Use in Specific Populations (8.5) ] . Lower Limb Amputations : Across four empagliflozin outcome trials, lower limb amputation event rates were 4.3 and 5.0 events per 1,000 patient-years in the placebo group and the empagliflozin 10 mg or 25 mg dose group, respectively, with a HR of 1.05 (95% CI) (0.81, 1.36). In a long-term cardio-renal outcome trial with empagliflozin, in patients with chronic kidney disease, the occurrence of lower limb amputations was reported with event rates of 2.9, and 4.3 events per 1,000 patient-years in the placebo, and empagliflozin 10 mg treatment arms, respectively. Clinical Trial of Empagliflozin in Pediatric Patients Aged 10 to 17 Years with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Empagliflozin was administered to 52 patients in a trial of 157 pediatric patients aged 10 to 17 years with type 2 diabetes mellitus with a mean exposure to empagliflozin of 23.8 weeks [see Clinical Studies (14.2) ] . Background therapies as adjunct to diet and exercise included metformin HCl (51%), a combination of metformin HCl and insulin (40.1%), insulin (3.2%), or none (5.7%). The mean HbA1c at baseline was 8.0% and the mean duration of type 2 diabetes mellitus was 2.1 years. The mean age was 14.5 years (range: 10-17 years) and 51.6% were aged 15 years and older. Approximately, 50% were White, 6% were Asian, 31% were Black or African American, and 38% were of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity. The mean BMI was 36.0 kg/m 2 and mean BMI Z-score was 3.0. Approximately 25% of the trial population had microalbuminuria or macroalbuminuria. The risk of hypoglycemia was higher in pediatric patients treated with empagliflozin regardless of concomitant insulin use. Hypoglycemia, defined as a blood glucose <54 mg/dL, occurred in 10 (19.2%) patients and in 4 (7.5%) patients treated with empagliflozin and placebo, respectively. No severe hypoglycemic events occurred (severe hypoglycemia was defined as an event requiring the assistance of another person to actively administer carbohydrates, glucagon or take other corrective actions). Adverse Reactions with Clinical Trials of Metformin HCl The most common (>5%) established adverse reactions due to initiation of metformin HCl therapy are diarrhea, nausea/vomiting, flatulence, abdominal discomfort, indigestion, asthenia, and headache. In a 24-week clinical trial in which extended-release metformin HCl or placebo was added to glyburide therapy, the most common (>5% and greater than placebo) adverse reactions in the combined treatment group were hypoglycemia (13.7% vs 4.9%), diarrhea (12.5% vs 5.6%), and nausea (6.7% vs 4.2%). Pediatric Patients In clinical trials with metformin HCl immediate-release tablets in pediatric patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, the profile of adverse reactions was similar to that observed in adults. Laboratory Test Abnormalities in Clinical Trials of Empagliflozin or Metformin HCl Empagliflozin Increases in Serum Creatinine and Decreases in eGFR: Initiation of empagliflozin causes an increase in serum creatinine and decrease in eGFR within weeks of starting therapy and then these changes stabilize. In a trial of adults with moderate renal impairment, larger mean changes were observed. In a long-term CV outcomes trial, the increase in serum creatinine and decrease in eGFR generally did not exceed 0.1 mg/dL and -9.0 mL/min/1.73 m 2 , respectively, at Week 4, and reversed after treatment discontinuation, suggesting acute hemodynamic changes may play a role in the renal function changes observed with empagliflozin. Increase in Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (LDL-C): Dose-related increases in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) were observed in adults treated with empagliflozin. LDL-C increased by 2.3%, 4.6%, and 6.5% in patients treated with placebo, empagliflozin 10 mg, and empagliflozin 25 mg, respectively. The range of mean baseline LDL-C levels was 90.3 to 90.6 mg/dL across treatment groups. Increase in Hematocrit: In a pool of four placebo-controlled trials in adults, median hematocrit decreased by 1.3% in placebo and increased by 2.8% in empagliflozin 10 mg and 2.8% in empagliflozin 25 mg treated patients. At the end of treatment, 0.6%, 2.7%, and 3.5% of patients with hematocrits initially within the reference range had values above the upper limit of the reference range with placebo, empagliflozin 10 mg, and empagliflozin 25 mg, respectively. Metformin HCl Decrease in Vitamin B 12 : In metformin HCl clinical trials of 29-week duration, a decrease to subnormal levels of previously normal serum vitamin B 12 levels was observed in approximately 7% of patients. 6.2 Postmarketing Experience Additional adverse reactions have been identified during postapproval use. Because these reactions are reported voluntarily from a population of uncertain size, it is generally not possible to reliably estimate their frequency or establish a causal relationship to drug exposure. Empagliflozin Gastrointestinal Disorders: Constipation Infections: Necrotizing fasciitis of the perineum (Fournier's gangrene), urosepsis and pyelonephritis Metabolism and Nutrition Disorders: Ketoacidosis Renal and Urinary Disorders: Acute kidney injury Skin and Subcutaneous Tissue Disorders: Angioedema, skin reactions (e.g., rash, urticaria) Metformin HCl Hepatobiliary Disorders: Cholestatic, hepatocellular, and mixed hepatocellular liver injury

12.3 Pharmacokinetics SYNJARDY Administration of 12.5 mg empagliflozin/1,000 mg metformin HCl under fed conditions resulted in a 9% decrease in AUC and a 28% decrease in C max for empagliflozin, when compared to fasted conditions. For metformin, AUC decreased by 12% and C max decreased by 26% compared to fasting conditions. The observed effect of food on empagliflozin and metformin is not considered to be clinically relevant. SYNJARDY XR Administration of SYNJARDY XR with food resulted in no change in overall exposure of empagliflozin. For metformin HCl extended-release high-fat meals increased systemic exposure to metformin (as measured by area-under-the-curve [AUC]) by approximately 70% relative to fasting, while C max is not affected. Meals prolonged T max by approximately 3 hours. Empagliflozin The pharmacokinetics of empagliflozin has been characterized in healthy volunteers and patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and no clinically relevant differences were noted between the two populations. The steady-state mean plasma AUC and C max were 1,870 nmol∙h/L and 259 nmol/L, respectively, with 10 mg empagliflozin once daily treatment, and 4,740 nmol∙h/L and 687 nmol/L, respectively, with 25 mg empagliflozin once daily treatment. Systemic exposure of empagliflozin increased in a dose-proportional manner in the therapeutic dose range. Empagliflozin does not appear to have time-dependent pharmacokinetic characteristics. Following once-daily dosing, up to 22% accumulation, with respect to plasma AUC, was observed at steady-state. Absorption After oral administration, peak plasma concentrations of empagliflozin were reached at 1.5 hours post-dose. Administration of 25 mg empagliflozin after intake of a high-fat and high-calorie meal resulted in slightly lower exposure; AUC decreased by approximately 16% and C max decreased by approximately 37%, compared to fasted condition. The observed effect of food on empagliflozin pharmacokinetics was not considered clinically relevant and empagliflozin may be administered with or without food. Distribution The apparent steady-state volume of distribution was estimated to be 73.8 L based on a population pharmacokinetic analysis. Following administration of an oral [ 14 C]-empagliflozin solution to healthy subjects, the red blood cell partitioning was approximately 36.8% and plasma protein binding was 86.2%. Elimination The apparent terminal elimination half-life of empagliflozin was estimated to be 12.4 h and apparent oral clearance was 10.6 L/h based on the population pharmacokinetic analysis. Metabolism No major metabolites of empagliflozin were detected in human plasma and the most abundant metabolites were three glucuronide conjugates (2-O-, 3-O-, and 6-O-glucuronide). Systemic exposure of each metabolite was less than 10% of total drug-related material. In vitro studies suggested that the primary route of metabolism of empagliflozin in humans is glucuronidation by the uridine 5'-diphospho-glucuronosyltransferases UGT2B7, UGT1A3, UGT1A8, and UGT1A9. Excretion Following administration of an oral [ 14 C]-empagliflozin solution to healthy subjects, approximately 95.6% of the drug-related radioactivity was eliminated in feces (41.2%) or urine (54.4%). The majority of drug-related radioactivity recovered in feces was unchanged parent drug and approximately half of drug-related radioactivity excreted in urine was unchanged parent drug. Metformin HCl Absorption The absolute bioavailability of a metformin HCl 500 mg tablet given under fasting conditions is approximately 50% to 60%. Studies using single oral doses of metformin HCl tablets 500 mg to 1,500 mg, and 850 mg to 2,550 mg, indicate that there is a lack of dose proportionality with increasing doses, which is due to decreased absorption rather than an alteration in elimination. Food decreases the extent of and slightly delays the absorption of metformin, as shown by approximately a 40% lower C max , a 25% lower AUC, and a 35 minute prolongation of time to peak plasma concentration (T max ) following administration of a single 850 mg tablet of metformin with food, compared to the same tablet strength administered fasting. The clinical relevance of these decreases is unknown. Metformin HCl extended-release Following a single oral dose of 1,000 mg (2 × 500 mg tablets) metformin HCl extended-release after a meal, the time to reach maximum plasma metformin concentration (T max ) is achieved at approximately 7 to 8 hours. In both single- and multiple-dose studies in healthy subjects, once daily 1,000 mg (2 × 500 mg tablets) dosing provides equivalent systemic exposure, as measured by AUC, and up to 35% higher C max of metformin relative to the immediate-release given as 500 mg twice daily. Single oral doses of metformin HCl extended-release from 500 mg to 2,500 mg resulted in less than proportional increase in both AUC and C max . Low-fat and high-fat meals increased the systemic exposure (as measured by AUC) from metformin extended-release tablets by about 38% and 73%, respectively, relative to fasting. Both meals prolonged metformin T max by approximately 3 hours but C max was not affected. Distribution The apparent volume of distribution (V/F) of metformin following single oral doses of immediate-release metformin HCl tablets 850 mg averaged 654±358 L. Metformin is negligibly bound to plasma proteins. Metformin partitions into erythrocytes, most likely as a function of time. Elimination Metformin has a plasma elimination half-life of approximately 6.2 hours. In blood, the elimination half-life is approximately 17.6 hours, suggesting that the erythrocyte mass may be a compartment of distribution. Metabolism Intravenous single-dose studies in normal subjects demonstrate that metformin does not undergo hepatic metabolism (no metabolites have been identified in humans) nor biliary excretion. Excretion Following oral administration, approximately 90% of the absorbed drug is excreted via the renal route within the first 24 hours. Renal clearance is approximately 3.5 times greater than creatinine clearance, which indicates that tubular secretion is the major route of metformin elimination. Specific Populations Geriatric Patients SYNJARDY or SYNJARDY XR: Studies characterizing the pharmacokinetics of empagliflozin and metformin after administration of SYNJARDY or SYNJARDY XR in geriatric patients have not been performed [see Warnings and Precautions (5.2) and Use in Specific Populations (8.5) ]. Empagliflozin: Age did not have a clinically meaningful impact on the pharmacokinetics of empagliflozin based on a population pharmacokinetic analysis [see Use in Specific Populations (8.5) ]. Metformin HCl: Limited data from controlled pharmacokinetic studies of metformin HCl in healthy elderly subjects suggest that total plasma clearance of metformin is decreased, the half-life is prolonged, and C max is increased, compared with healthy young subjects. From these data, it appears that the change in metformin pharmacokinetics with aging is primarily accounted for by a change in renal function. Pediatric Patients Empagliflozin: The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of empagliflozin were investigated in pediatric patients aged 10 to 17 years with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Oral administration of empagliflozin at 10 mg and 25 mg resulted in exposure within the range observed in adult patients. Metformin: After administration of a single oral metformin HCl 500 mg immediate-release tablet with food, geometric mean metformin C max and AUC differed less than 5% between pediatric type 2 diabetic patients (12 to 16 years of age) and gender- and weight-matched healthy adults (20 to 45 years of age), all with normal renal function. Effects of Age, Body Mass Index, Gender, and Race Empagliflozin: Age, body mass index (BMI), gender and race (Asians versus primarily Whites) do not have a clinically meaningful effect on pharmacokinetics of empagliflozin. Metformin HCl: No studies of metformin pharmacokinetic parameters according to race have been performed. In controlled clinical studies of metformin HCl in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, the antihyperglycemic effect was comparable in Whites (n=249), Blacks or African Americans (n=51), and Hispanics or Latinos (n=24). Patients with Renal Impairment SYNJARDY or SYNJARDY XR: Studies characterizing the pharmacokinetics of empagliflozin and metformin HCl after administration of SYNJARDY or SYNJARDY XR in renally impaired patients have not been performed. Empagliflozin: In adult patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus with mild (eGFR: 60 to less than 90 mL/min/1.73 m 2 ), moderate (eGFR: 30 to less than 60 mL/min/1.73 m 2 ), and severe (eGFR: less than 30 mL/min/1.73 m 2 ) renal impairment and patients on dialysis due to kidney failure, AUC of empagliflozin increased by approximately 18%, 20%, 66%, and 48%, respectively, compared to subjects with normal renal function. Peak plasma levels of empagliflozin were similar in patients with moderate renal impairment and patients on dialysis due to kidney failure, compared to subjects with normal renal function. Peak plasma levels of empagliflozin were roughly 20% higher in patients with mild and severe renal impairment as compared to patients with normal renal function. Population pharmacokinetic analysis showed that the apparent oral clearance of empagliflozin decreased with a decrease in eGFR leading to an increase in drug exposure. However, the fraction of empagliflozin that was excreted unchanged in urine, and urinary glucose excretion, declined with decrease in eGFR. Metformin HCl: In patients with decreased renal function, the plasma and blood half-life of metformin is prolonged and the renal clearance is decreased [see Contraindications (4) and Warnings and Precautions (5.1) ] . Patients with Hepatic Impairment SYNJARDY or SYNJARDY XR: Studies characterizing the pharmacokinetics of empagliflozin and metformin after administration of SYNJARDY or SYNJARDY XR in hepatically impaired patients have not been performed [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1) ] . Empagliflozin: In adult patients with mild, moderate, and severe hepatic impairment according to the Child-Pugh classification, AUC of empagliflozin increased by approximately 23%, 47%, and 75%, and C max increased by approximately 4%, 23%, and 48%, respectively, compared to subjects with normal hepatic function. Metformin HCl: No pharmacokinetic studies of metformin have been conducted in patients with hepatic impairment. Drug Interaction Studies Pharmacokinetic drug interaction studies with SYNJARDY or SYNJARDY XR have not been performed; however, such studies have been conducted with the individual components empagliflozin and metformin HCl. Empagliflozin In vitro Assessment of Drug Interactions: Empagliflozin does not inhibit, inactivate, or induce CYP450 isoforms. In vitro data suggest that the primary route of metabolism of empagliflozin in humans is glucuronidation by the uridine 5'-diphospho-glucuronosyltransferases UGT1A3, UGT1A8, UGT1A9, and UGT2B7. Empagliflozin does not inhibit UGT1A1, UGT1A3, UGT1A8, UGT1A9, or UGT2B7. Therefore, no effect of empagliflozin is anticipated on concomitantly administered drugs that are substrates of the major CYP450 isoforms or UGT1A1, UGT1A3, UGT1A8, UGT1A9, or UGT2B7. The effect of UGT induction (e.g., induction by rifampicin or any other UGT enzyme inducer) on empagliflozin exposure has not been evaluated. Empagliflozin is a substrate for P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP), but it does not inhibit these efflux transporters at therapeutic doses. Based on in vitro studies, empagliflozin is considered unlikely to cause interactions with drugs that are P-gp substrates. Empagliflozin is a substrate of the human uptake transporters OAT3, OATP1B1, and OATP1B3, but not OAT1 and OCT2. Empagliflozin does not inhibit any of these human uptake transporters at clinically relevant plasma concentrations and, therefore, no effect of empagliflozin is anticipated on concomitantly administered drugs that are substrates of these uptake transporters. In vivo Assessment of Drug Interactions: Empagliflozin pharmacokinetics were similar with and without coadministration of metformin HCl, glimepiride, pioglitazone, sitagliptin, linagliptin, warfarin, verapamil, ramipril, and simvastatin in healthy volunteers and with or without coadministration of hydrochlorothiazide and torsemide in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (see Figure 1 ). In subjects with normal renal function, coadministration of empagliflozin with probenecid resulted in a 30% decrease in the fraction of empagliflozin excreted in urine without any effect on 24-hour urinary glucose excretion. The relevance of this observation to patients with renal impairment is unknown. Figure 1 Effect of Various Medications on the Pharmacokinetics of Empagliflozin as Displayed as 90% Confidence Interval of Geometric Mean AUC and C max Ratios [reference lines indicate 100% (80% - 125%)] a empagliflozin, 50 mg, once daily; b empagliflozin, 25 mg, single dose; c empagliflozin, 25 mg, once daily; d empagliflozin, 10 mg, single dose Empagliflozin had no clinically relevant effect on the pharmacokinetics of metformin, glimepiride, pioglitazone, sitagliptin, linagliptin, warfarin, digoxin, ramipril, simvastatin, hydrochlorothiazide, torsemide, and oral contraceptives when coadministered in healthy volunteers (see Figure 2 ). Figure 2 Effect of Empagliflozin on the Pharmacokinetics of Various Medications as Displayed as 90% Confidence Interval of Geometric Mean AUC and C max Ratios [reference lines indicate 100% (80% - 125%)] a empagliflozin, 50 mg, once daily; b empagliflozin, 25 mg, once daily; c empagliflozin, 25 mg, single dose; d administered as simvastatin; e administered as warfarin racemic mixture; f administered as Microgynon ® ; g administered as ramipril Figure 1 Figure 2 Metformin HCl Table 5 Effect of Coadministered Drug on Plasma Metformin Systemic Exposure Coadministered Drug Dose of Coadministered Drug* Dose of Metformin HCl* Geometric Mean Ratio (ratio with/without coadministered drug) No effect=1.0 AUC † C max * All metformin and coadministered drugs were given as single doses † AUC = AUC (INF) ≠ Metformin HCl extended-release tablets 500 mg ‡ Ratio of arithmetic means **At steady-state with topiramate 100 mg every 12 hours and metformin 500 mg every 12 hours; AUC = AUC (0-12 hours) Glyburide 5 mg 500 mg≠ metformin 0.98‡ 0.99‡ Furosemide 40 mg 850 mg metformin 1.09‡ 1.22‡ Nifedipine 10 mg 850 mg metformin 1.16 1.21 Propranolol 40 mg 850 mg metformin 0.90 0.94 Ibuprofen 400 mg 850 mg metformin 1.05‡ 1.07‡ Cationic drugs eliminated by renal tubular secretion may reduce metformin elimination [see Drug Interactions (7) ]. Cimetidine 400 mg 850 mg metformin 1.40 1.61 Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors may cause metabolic acidosis [see Drug Interactions (7) ] . Topiramate** 100 mg 500 mg metformin 1.25 1.17 Table 6 Effect of Metformin on Coadministered Drug Systemic Exposure Coadministered Drug Dose of Coadministered Drug* Dose of Metformin HCl* Geometric Mean Ratio (ratio with/without metformin) No effect=1.0 AUC † C max * All metformin and coadministered drugs were given as single doses † AUC = AUC (INF) unless otherwise noted ‡ Ratio of arithmetic means, p-value of difference <0.05 § AUC (0-24 hours) reported ¶ Ratio of arithmetic means Glyburide 5 mg 500 mg§ glyburide 0.78‡ 0.63‡ Furosemide 40 mg 850 mg furosemide 0.87‡ 0.69‡ Nifedipine 10 mg 850 mg nifedipine 1.10§ 1.08 Propranolol 40 mg 850 mg propranolol 1.01§ 0.94 Ibuprofen 400 mg 850 mg ibuprofen 0.97¶ 1.01¶ Cimetidine 400 mg 850 mg cimetidine 0.95§ 1.01