Bupivacaine Hydrochloride In Dextrose

Prescription

Handelsnamen: Bupivacaine Spinal

Darreichungsform

Other

Applikationsweg

SUBARACHNOID

Hersteller

Hospira, Inc.

About This Medication

11 DESCRIPTION BUPIVACAINE SPINAL (bupivacaine hydrochloride in dextrose injection) is an amide-local anesthetic and sterile hyperbaric aqueous solution. The route of administration for BUPIVACAINE SPINAL is by subarachnoid injection. BUPIVACAINE SPINAL contains bupivacaine hydrochloride, as the active pharmaceutical ingredient and also contains Dextrose, as baricity agent. Bupivacaine Hydrochloride (monohydrate) chemical name is 2-piperidinecarboxamide, 1-butyl- N -(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-, monohydrochloride, monohydrate, a white crystalline powder that is freely soluble in 95 percent ethanol, soluble in water, and slightly soluble in chloroform or acetone. Bupivacaine Hydrochloride (monohydrate) has a molecular formula of C 18 H 28 N 2 O·HCl·H 2 O and molecular weight of 342.90 g/mol and has the following structural formula: Dextrose chemical name is D-glucopyranose. Dextrose (anhydrous) has a molecular formula of C 6 H 12 O 6 , molecular weight of 180.16 g/mol and has the following structural formula: BUPIVACAINE SPINAL (bupivacaine hydrochloride in dextrose injection) is a clear and colorless sterile hyperbaric solution. Each mL of BUPIVACAINE SPINAL contains 7.5 mg bupivacaine hydrochloride (anhydrous) (equivalent to 7.9 mg of bupivacaine hydrochloride monohydrate), 82.5 mg dextrose (anhydrous) as baricity agent, and sodium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid as pH adjusters in water for injection. BUPIVACAINE SPINAL pH is between 4.0 and 6.5. The specific gravity of BUPIVACAINE SPINAL is between 1.030 and 1.035 at 25°C and 1.03 at 37°C. BUPIVACAINE SPINAL does not contain any preservatives. Chemical formula for Bupivacaine Hydrochloride Chemical formula for Dextrose

Wirkstoffe

Wirkstoff	Stärke
Bupivacaine Hydrochloride	-

Indikationen und Anwendung

1 INDICATIONS AND USAGE BUPIVACAINE SPINAL is indicated for subarachnoid injection in adults for the production of subarachnoid block (spinal anesthesia). BUPIVACAINE SPINAL is an amide-local anesthetic indicated in adults for subarachnoid injection for the production of subarachnoid block (spinal anesthesia). ( 1 )

So funktioniert es

12.1 Mechanism of Action Bupivacaine blocks the generation and the conduction of nerve impulses, presumably by increasing the threshold for electrical excitation in the nerve, by slowing the propagation of the nerve impulse, and by reducing the rate of rise of the action potential. In general, the progression of anesthesia is related to the diameter, myelination, and conduction velocity of affected nerve fibers. Clinically, the order of loss of nerve function is as follows: (1) pain, (2) temperature, (3) touch, (4) proprioception, and (5) skeletal muscle tone.

Dosierung und Verabreichung

2 DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION The dosage of BUPIVACAINE SPINAL administered varies with the anesthetic procedure, the vascularity of the tissues, the number of neuronal segments to be blocked, the depth of anesthesia and degree of muscle relaxation required, the duration of anesthesia desired, individual tolerance, and the physical condition of the patient. Administer the smallest dosage and concentration required to produce the desired result. The following are general dosage guidelines: • BUPIVACAINE SPINAL 6 mg is generally adequate for vaginal delivery. ( 2.2 ) • BUPIVACAINE SPINAL 7.5 mg is generally adequate for spinal anesthesia for lower extremity and perineal procedures. ( 2.2 ) • BUPIVACAINE SPINAL 12 mg is generally adequate for lower abdominal procedures. ( 2.2 ) • BUPIVACAINE SPINAL 7.5 mg to 10.5 mg is generally adequate for Cesarean section. ( 2.2 ) 2.1 Important Dosage and Administration Information • Visually inspect this product for particulate matter and discoloration prior to administration. BUPIVACAINE SPINAL is a clear, colorless solution. Do not administer solutions which are discolored or contain particulate matter. • Mixing or the prior or intercurrent use of any other local anesthetic with BUPIVACAINE SPINAL is not recommended because of insufficient data on the clinical use of such mixtures. • Discard unused portions of BUPIVACAINE SPINAL following initial use. Administration Precautions • BUPIVACAINE SPINAL is to be administered in carefully adjusted dosages by or under the supervision of experienced clinicians who are well versed in the diagnosis and management of dose‑related toxicity and other acute emergencies which might arise from the block to be employed. • Use BUPIVACAINE SPINAL only if the following are immediately available: oxygen, cardiopulmonary resuscitative equipment and drugs, and the personnel resources needed for proper management of toxic reactions and related emergencies [ see Warnings and Precautions (5.3) , Adverse Reactions (6) , Overdosage (10) ]. • The toxic effects of local anesthetics are additive. Monitor for neurologic and cardiovascular effects related to local anesthetic systemic toxicity when additional local anesthetics are administered with BUPIVACAINE SPINAL [see Warnings and Precautions (5.3) , Drug Interactions (7.1) , Overdosage (10) ]. • Aspirate for blood and cerebrospinal fluid prior to injecting BUPIVACAINE SPINAL, for both the initial dose and all subsequent doses (where applicable), to avoid intravascular injection and to confirm entry into the subarachnoid space. Aspiration of cerebrospinal fluid into a BUPIVACAINE SPINAL‑filled syringe will result in an identifiable swirl in the solution. A negative aspiration for blood does not ensure against an intravascular injection [see Warnings and Precautions (5.4) ] . • Avoid rapid injection of BUPIVACAINE SPINAL. • The patient should have an indwelling intravenous catheter to assure adequate intravenous access. The lowest dosage of BUPIVACAINE SPINAL that results in effective spinal anesthesia should be used to avoid a high motor block and serious adverse reactions. • Perform careful and constant monitoring of cardiovascular and respiratory (adequacy of oxygenation and ventilation) vital signs and the patient’s level of consciousness during spinal anesthesia. Conditions Which May Preclude Use of Spinal Anesthesia The following conditions may preclude the use of spinal anesthesia, depending upon the physician’s evaluation of the patient: • Pre-existing diseases of the central nervous system (CNS), such as those attributable to pernicious anemia, poliomyelitis, syphilis, or tumor. • Hematological disorders predisposing to coagulopathies or patients on anticoagulant therapy. Trauma to a blood vessel during the conduct of spinal anesthesia may, in some instances, result in uncontrollable CNS hemorrhage, soft tissue hemorrhage, or development of a hematoma. • Chronic backache and preoperative headache. • Hypotension and hypertension. • Technical problems (persistent paresthesias, persistent bloody tap). • Arthritis or spinal deformity. • Extremes of age. • Psychosis, dementia, or other illnesses resulting in poor patient cooperation. 2.2 Recommended Dosages of BUPIVACAINE SPINAL The dosage of BUPIVACAINE SPINAL administered varies with the anesthetic procedure, the vascularity of the tissues, the number of neuronal segments to be blocked, the depth of anesthesia and degree of muscle relaxation required, the duration of anesthesia desired, individual tolerance, and the physical condition of the patient. Administer the smallest dosage and concentration required to produce the desired result. The extent and degree of spinal anesthesia depend upon several factors including dosage, baricity of the anesthetic solution, volume of solution, force of injection, level of puncture, and position of the patient during and immediately after injection. In recommended doses, BUPIVACAINE SPINAL produces complete motor and sensory block. The following table summarizes general dosage guidelines for adult patients for the procedures described: PROCEDURES DOSAGE GUIDELINES Vaginal Delivery Starting dose, 6 mg (0.8 mL) Lower Extremity and Perineal Procedures, such as: • transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) • vaginal hysterectomy 7.5 mg (1 mL) Lower Abdominal Procedures, such as: • abdominal hysterectomy • tubal ligation • appendectomy 12 mg (1.6 mL) Cesarean Section 7.5 mg to 10.5 mg (1 mL to 1.4 mL)

Side Effects Overview

6 ADVERSE REACTIONS The following clinically significant adverse reactions have been reported and described in other sections of the labeling: • Allergic-Type Reactions [see Contraindications (4) ] • Dose-Related Toxicity [see Warnings and Precautions (5.3) ] • Systemic Toxicities with Unintended Intravascular Injection [see Warnings and Precautions (5.4) ] • Methemoglobinemia [see Warnings and Precautions (5.5) ] • Cardiac Arrest in Obstetrical Anesthesia [see Warnings and Precautions (5.6) ] • Chondrolysis with Intra-Articular Infusion [see Warnings and Precautions (5.7) ] • Cardiac Arrest with Intravenous Regional Anesthesia Use [see Contraindications (4) , Warnings and Precautions (5.8) ] The following adverse reactions from voluntary reports or clinical studies have been reported with bupivacaine. Because many of these reactions were reported voluntarily from a population of uncertain size, it is not always possible to reliably estimate their frequency or establish a causal relationship to drug exposure. Adverse reactions to BUPIVACAINE SPINAL are characteristic of those associated with other amide-type local anesthetics. A major cause of adverse reactions to BUPIVACAINE SPINAL is due to cephalad extension of the motor level of anesthesia and/or excessive plasma levels, which may be due to overdosage, unintentional intravascular injection, or slow metabolic degradation. The most commonly encountered acute adverse reactions that demand immediate counter-measures following the administration of spinal anesthesia were hypotension due to loss of sympathetic tone and respiratory paralysis or underventilation due to cephalad extension of the motor level of anesthesia. These have led to cardiac arrest if untreated. In addition, dose-related convulsions and cardiovascular collapse have resulted from diminished tolerance, rapid absorption from the injection site, or from unintentional intravascular injection of a local anesthetic solution. Respiratory System : Respiratory paralysis or underventilation have been noted as a result of cephalad spread of spinal anesthesia and has led to secondary hypoxic cardiac arrest when untreated. Preanesthetic medication, intraoperative anesthetics, analgesics, and sedatives, as well as surgical manipulation, may contribute to underventilation. This has usually been noted within minutes of the injection of spinal anesthetic solution, but because of differing maximal onset times, differing intercurrent drug usage, and differing surgical manipulation, it may occur at any time during surgery or the immediate recovery period. Cardiac Disorders : Hypotension due to loss of sympathetic tone has been commonly encountered following spinal anesthesia. This has been more commonly observed in elderly patients, particularly those with hypertension, and patients with reduced blood volume, reduced interstitial fluid volume, cephalad spread of the local anesthetic, and/or mechanical obstruction of venous return. Nausea and vomiting have been frequently associated with hypotensive episodes following the administration of spinal anesthesia. High doses, or inadvertent intravascular injection, have led to high plasma levels and related depression of the myocardium, decreased cardiac output, bradycardia, heart block, ventricular arrhythmias, and cardiac arrest [see Warnings and Precautions (5.4) ] . Nervous System Disorders : Respiratory paralysis or underventilation secondary to cephalad spread of the level of spinal anesthesia (see Respiratory System ) and hypotension for the same reason (see Cardiac Disorders ) have been the two most commonly encountered CNS-related adverse observations which demand immediate counter-measures. High doses or inadvertent intravascular injection have led to high plasma levels and related CNS toxicity. Adverse reactions were characterized by excitation and/or depression of the CNS and included restlessness, anxiety, dizziness, tinnitus, blurred vision, tremors, convulsions, drowsiness, unconsciousness, and respiratory arrest. The incidences of adverse neurologic reactions associated with the use of local anesthetics may be related to the total dose of local anesthetic administered and are also dependent upon the particular drug used, the route of administration, and the physical status of the patient. Convulsions : Incidence varied with the procedure used and the total dose administered. In a survey of studies of epidural anesthesia, overt toxicity progressing to convulsions occurred in approximately 0.1% of local anesthetic administrations. The incidences of adverse neurologic reactions associated with the use of local anesthetics may be related to the total dose of local anesthetic administered and are also dependent upon the particular drug used, the route of administration, and the physical status of the patient. Neurologic effects following spinal anesthesia have included loss of perineal sensation and sexual function; persistent anesthesia, paresthesia, weakness and paralysis of the lower extremities, and loss of sphincter control with slow, incomplete, or no recovery; hypotension, high or total spinal block; urinary retention; headache; backache; septic meningitis, meningismus; arachnoiditis; slowing of labor; increased incidence of forceps delivery; shivering; cranial nerve palsies due to traction on nerves from loss of cerebrospinal fluid; and fecal and urinary incontinence. Immune System Disorders : Allergic-type reactions have occurred as a result of sensitivity to bupivacaine. These reactions were characterized by signs such as urticaria, pruritus, erythema, angioneurotic edema (including laryngeal edema), tachycardia, sneezing, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, syncope, excessive sweating, elevated temperature, and severe hypotension. Cross sensitivity among members of the amide-type local anesthetic group has been reported. Most common adverse reactions are hypotension due to loss of sympathetic tone, and diaphragmatic paralysis or hypoventilation due to cephalad spread and high motor block. ( 6 ) To report SUSPECTED ADVERSE REACTIONS, contact Pfizer Inc. at 1‑800‑438‑1985 or FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088 or www.fda.gov/medwatch.

Warnhinweise und Vorsichtsmaßnahmen

5 WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS • Use of Spinal Anesthetics During Uterine Contractions : Spinal anesthetics, including BUPIVACAINE SPINAL, should not be injected during uterine contractions because cerebrospinal fluid current may carry the drug further cephalad than desired, resulting in a high motor block. ( 5.1 ) • Patients with Hypertension : Sympathetic blockade due to spinal anesthesia may result in peripheral vasodilation and hypotension. Monitor blood pressure frequently. Hypotension may be controlled by administration of vasoconstrictor agents in titrated dosages depending on the severity of hypotension and response to treatment. Monitor the onset of adequate spinal anesthesia frequently. ( 5.2 ) • Dose-Related Toxicity : Monitor cardiovascular and respiratory vital signs and patient’s state of consciousness after injection of BUPIVACAINE SPINAL. ( 5.3 ) • Risk of Systemic Toxicities with Unintended Intravascular Injection : Unintended intravascular injection may be associated with systemic toxicities, including CNS or cardiorespiratory depression and coma, progressing ultimately to respiratory arrest. Aspirate for blood and cerebrospinal fluid (where applicable) prior to each dose. ( 5.4 ) • Methemoglobinemia : Cases of methemoglobinemia have been reported in association with local anesthetic use. See full prescribing information for more detail on managing these risks. ( 5.5 ) • Risk of Cardiac Arrest with Use of Epidural Bupivacaine in Obstetrical Anesthesia : There have been reports of cardiac arrest during use of bupivacaine hydrochloride 0.75% solution for epidural anesthesia in obstetrical patients. BUPIVACAINE SPINAL (bupivacaine hydrochloride in dextrose injection) is recommended for spinal anesthesia in obstetrical patients. ( 5.6 ) • Chondrolysis with Intra-Articular Infusion : Intra-articular infusions of local anesthetics including bupivacaine following arthroscopic and other surgical procedures is an unapproved use, and there have been post‑marketing reports of chondrolysis in patients receiving such infusions. ( 5.7 ) • Risk of Cardiac Arrest with Intravenous Regional Anesthesia Use (Bier Block) : There have been reports of cardiac arrest and death during the use of bupivacaine for intravenous regional anesthesia (Bier Block). ( 5.8 ) 5.1 Use of Spinal Anesthetics During Uterine Contractions Spinal anesthetics including BUPIVACAINE SPINAL should not be injected during uterine contractions because cerebrospinal fluid current may carry the drug further cephalad than desired, resulting in a high motor block. 5.2 Patients with Hypertension Sympathetic blockade due to spinal anesthesia may result in peripheral vasodilation and hypotension, the extent of which depends on the number of dermatomes blocked. Patients over 65 years, particularly those with hypertension, may be at increased risk for experiencing the hypotensive effects of BUPIVACAINE SPINAL. Monitor blood pressure frequently, especially in the early phases of anesthesia. Hypotension may be controlled by administration of vasoconstrictor agents in titrated dosages depending on the severity of hypotension and response to treatment. Monitor the onset of adequate spinal anesthesia because it is not always possible to control the level of anesthesia after subarachnoid injection of BUPIVACAINE SPINAL. 5.3 Dose-Related Toxicity The safety and effectiveness of BUPIVACAINE SPINAL depend on proper dosage, correct technique, adequate precautions, and readiness for emergencies. Careful and constant monitoring of cardiovascular and respiratory (adequacy of oxygenation and ventilation) vital signs and the patient’s state of consciousness should be performed after injection of BUPIVACAINE SPINAL solutions. Possible early warning signs of central nervous system (CNS) toxicity are restlessness, anxiety, incoherent speech, lightheadedness, numbness and tingling of the mouth and lips, metallic taste, tinnitus, dizziness, blurred vision, tremors, twitching, CNS depression, or drowsiness. Delay in proper management of dose-related toxicity, hypoventilation from any cause, and/or altered sensitivity may lead to the development of acidosis, cardiac arrest, and possibly death. The patient should have an indwelling intravenous catheter to assure adequate intravenous access. Use the lowest dosage of BUPIVACAINE SPINAL that results in effective anesthesia to avoid serious adverse reactions. Avoid rapid injection of a large volume of BUPIVACAINE SPINAL. Injection of repeated doses of BUPIVACAINE SPINAL may cause significant increases in plasma bupivacaine levels with each repeated dose due to slow accumulation of the drug or its metabolites, or to slow metabolic degradation. Tolerance to elevated blood levels varies with the status of the patient. Debilitated, elderly patients and acutely ill patients should be given reduced doses commensurate with their age and physical status. Reduced doses may be indicated in patients with increased intra-abdominal pressure (including obstetrical patients), if otherwise suitable for spinal anesthesia. 5.4 Risk of Systemic Toxicities with Unintended Intravascular Injection Unintended intravascular injection of BUPIVACAINE SPINAL may be associated with systemic toxicities, including CNS or cardiorespiratory depression and coma, progressing ultimately to respiratory arrest [see Adverse Reactions (6) ] . Aspirate for blood and cerebrospinal fluid before injecting BUPIVACAINE SPINAL, for both the initial dose and all subsequent doses (where applicable), to confirm entry into the subarachnoid space and to avoid intravascular injection. Aspiration of cerebrospinal fluid into a BUPIVACAINE SPINAL-filled syringe will result in an identifiable swirl in the solution. A negative aspiration for blood does not ensure against an intravascular injection. 5.5 Methemoglobinemia Cases of methemoglobinemia have been reported in association with local anesthetic use. Although all patients are at risk for methemoglobinemia, patients with glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, congenital or idiopathic methemoglobinemia, cardiac or pulmonary compromise, infants under 6 months of age, and concurrent exposure to oxidizing agents or their metabolites are more susceptible to developing clinical manifestations of the condition [see Drug Interactions (7.2) ] . If local anesthetics must be used in these patients, close monitoring for symptoms and signs of methemoglobinemia is recommended. Signs of methemoglobinemia may occur immediately or may be delayed some hours after exposure, and are characterized by a cyanotic skin discoloration and/or abnormal coloration of the blood. Methemoglobin levels may continue to rise; therefore, immediate treatment is required to avert more serious CNS and cardiovascular adverse effects, including seizures, coma, arrhythmias, and death. Discontinue BUPIVACAINE SPINAL and any other oxidizing agents. Depending on the severity of the signs and symptoms, patients may respond to supportive care, i.e., oxygen therapy, hydration. A more severe clinical presentation may require treatment with methylene blue, exchange transfusion, or hyperbaric oxygen. 5.6 Risk of Cardiac Arrest with Use of Epidural Bupivacaine in Obstetrical Anesthesia There have been reports of cardiac arrest with difficult resuscitation or death during use of bupivacaine hydrochloride for epidural anesthesia in obstetrical patients. In most cases, this has followed use of bupivacaine hydrochloride 0.75%, not BUPIVACAINE SPINAL. The package insert for bupivacaine hydrochloride for epidural, nerve block, etc., has a more complete discussion of preparation for, and management of cardiac arrest following epidural administration. BUPIVACAINE SPINAL (bupivacaine hydrochloride in dextrose injection) is recommended for spinal anesthesia in obstetrical patients. 5.7 Chondrolysis with Intra-Articular Infusion Intra-articular infusions of local anesthetics including bupivacaine following arthroscopic and other surgical procedures is an unapproved use, and there have been post-marketing reports of chondrolysis in patients receiving such infusions. The majority of reported cases of chondrolysis have involved the shoulder joint; cases of gleno-humeral chondrolysis have been described in pediatric and adult patients following intra-articular infusions of local anesthetics with and without epinephrine for periods of 48 to 72 hours. There is insufficient information to determine whether shorter infusion periods are not associated with chondrolysis. The time of onset of symptoms, such as joint pain, stiffness, and loss of motion can be variable, but may begin as early as the 2 nd month after surgery. Currently, there is no effective treatment for chondrolysis; patients who experienced chondrolysis have required additional diagnostic and therapeutic procedures and some required arthroplasty or shoulder replacement. 5.8 Risk of Cardiac Arrest with Intravenous Regional Anesthesia Use (Bier Block) There have been reports of cardiac arrest and death during the use of bupivacaine for intravenous regional anesthesia (Bier Block). Information on safe dosages and techniques of administration of BUPIVACAINE SPINAL in this procedure is lacking. Therefore, BUPIVACAINE SPINAL is contraindicated for use with this technique [see Contraindications (4) ] . 5.9 Patients with Severe Disturbances of Cardiac Rhythm, Shock, or Heart Block Consider alternate anesthetic techniques in patients with severe disturbances of cardiac rhythm, shock, or heart block [see Contraindications (4) ] . 5.10 Risk of Toxicity in Patients with Hepatic Impairment Because amide-type local anesthetics such as bupivacaine are metabolized by the liver, consider reduced dosing and increased monitoring for bupivacaine systemic toxicity in patients with moderate to severe hepatic impairment who are treated with BUPIVACAINE SPINAL [see Use in Specific Populations (8.6) ] . Most information regarding dose-related hepatic impairment is based on larger dosages of bupivacaine administered for other neuraxial, peripheral nerve, or fascial plane blocks. 5.11 Risk of Use in Patients with Impaired Cardiovascular Function BUPIVACAINE SPINAL should be given in reduced doses in patients with impaired cardiovascular function (e.g., hypotension, heartblock, valvular abnormalities) because they may be less able to compensate for functional changes associated with the sympathetic blockade observed after subarachnoid administration of BUPIVACAINE SPINAL and the prolongation of AV conduction produced by the drug. Monitor patients closely for blood pressure, heart rate, and ECG changes.

Kontraindikationen

4 CONTRAINDICATIONS BUPIVACAINE SPINAL is contraindicated in: • intravenous regional anesthesia (Bier Block) [see Warnings and Precautions (5.8) ] . • patients with septicemia. • patients with severe hemorrhage, severe hypotension or shock, due to a reduced cardiac output. • patients with clinically significant arrhythmias, such as complete heartblock, due a reduced cardiac output. • patients with a known hypersensitivity to bupivacaine or to any local anesthetic agent of the amide-type or to other components of BUPIVACAINE SPINAL. • patients with local infection at the site of proposed lumbar puncture. • Intravenous regional anesthesia (Bier Block). ( 4 ) • Septicemia. ( 4 ) • Severe hemorrhage, severe hypotension or shock, and arrhythmias, such as complete heartblock, which severely reduce cardiac output. ( 4 ) • Known hypersensitivity to bupivacaine or to any local anesthetic agent of the amide-type or to other components of BUPIVACAINE SPINAL. ( 4 ) • Local infection at the site of proposed lumbar puncture. ( 4 )

Pharmakokinetik

12.3 Pharmacokinetics Systemic plasma levels of bupivacaine following administration of BUPIVACAINE SPINAL do not correlate with local efficacy. Absorption The rate of systemic absorption of bupivacaine is dependent upon the total dose and concentration of drug administered, the route of administration, the vascularity of the administration site, and the presence or absence of epinephrine in the anesthetic solution. A dilute concentration of epinephrine (1:200,000) usually reduces the rate of absorption and peak plasma concentration of bupivacaine, permitting the use of moderately larger total doses and sometimes prolonging the duration of action. Distribution Bupivacaine appears to cross the placenta by passive diffusion. The rate and degree of diffusion is governed by (1) the degree of plasma protein binding, (2) the degree of ionization, and (3) the degree of lipid solubility. Fetal/maternal ratios of bupivacaine appear to be inversely related to the degree of plasma protein binding, because only the free, unbound drug is available for placental transfer. Bupivacaine with a high protein binding capacity (95%) has a low fetal/maternal ratio (0.2 to 0.4). The extent of placental transfer is also determined by the degree of ionization and lipid solubility of the drug. Lipid soluble, nonionized drugs readily enter the fetal blood from the maternal circulation. Depending upon the route of administration, bupivacaine is distributed to some extent to all body tissues, with high concentrations found in highly perfused organs such as the liver, lungs, heart, and brain. Pharmacokinetic studies on the plasma profiles of bupivacaine after direct intravenous injection (BUPIVACAINE SPINAL is not approved for intravenous use, and contraindicated for intravenous regional block, i.e. Bier Block) suggest a three-compartment open model. The first compartment is represented by the rapid intravascular distribution of the drug. The second compartment represents the equilibration of the drug throughout the highly perfused organs such as the brain, myocardium, lungs, kidneys, and liver. The third compartment represents an equilibration of the drug with poorly perfused tissues, such as muscle and fat. Elimination The half-life of bupivacaine in adults is 2.7 hours. Metabolism Amide-type local anesthetics such as bupivacaine are metabolized primarily in the liver via conjugation with glucuronic acid. Pipecoloxylidine is the major metabolite of bupivacaine. The elimination of drug from tissue distribution depends largely upon the ability of binding sites in the circulation to carry it to the liver where it is metabolized. Excretion The kidney is the main excretory organ for most local anesthetics and their metabolites. Urinary excretion is affected by urinary perfusion and factors affecting urinary pH. Only 6% of bupivacaine is excreted unchanged in the urine. Specific Populations Geriatric Patients The total plasma clearance was decreased and the terminal half-life was lengthened in these patients. Patients with Hepatic Impairment Various pharmacokinetic parameters of the local anesthetics can be significantly altered by the presence of hepatic disease. Patients with hepatic disease, especially those with severe hepatic disease, may be more susceptible to the potential toxicities of the amide-type local anesthetics [see Use in Specific Populations (8.6) ] . Patients with Renal Impairment Various pharmacokinetic parameters of the local anesthetics can be significantly altered by the presence of renal disease, factors affecting urinary pH, and renal blood flow [see Use in Specific Populations (8.5 , 8.7) ] .

Frequently Asked Questions

1 INDICATIONS AND USAGE BUPIVACAINE SPINAL is indicated for subarachnoid injection in adults for the production of subarachnoid block (spinal anesthesia). BUPIVACAINE SPINAL is an amide-local anesthetic indicated in adults for subarachnoid injection for the production of subarachnoid block (spinal anesthesia). ( 1 )

2 DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION The dosage of BUPIVACAINE SPINAL administered varies with the anesthetic procedure, the vascularity of the tissues, the number of neuronal segments to be blocked, the depth of anesthesia and degree of muscle relaxation required, the duration of anesthesia desired, individual tolerance, and the physical condition of the patient. Administer the smallest dosage and concentration required to produce the desired result. The following are general dosage guidelines: • BUPIVACAINE SPINAL 6 mg is generally adequate for vaginal …

5 WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS • Use of Spinal Anesthetics During Uterine Contractions : Spinal anesthetics, including BUPIVACAINE SPINAL, should not be injected during uterine contractions because cerebrospinal fluid current may carry the drug further cephalad than desired, resulting in a high motor block. ( 5.1 ) • Patients with Hypertension : Sympathetic blockade due to spinal anesthesia may result in peripheral vasodilation and hypotension. Monitor blood pressure frequently. Hypotension may be controlled by administration of vasoconstrictor agents in titrated dosages …

4 CONTRAINDICATIONS BUPIVACAINE SPINAL is contraindicated in: • intravenous regional anesthesia (Bier Block) [see Warnings and Precautions (5.8) ] . • patients with septicemia. • patients with severe hemorrhage, severe hypotension or shock, due to a reduced cardiac output. • patients with clinically significant arrhythmias, such as complete heartblock, due a reduced cardiac output. • patients with a known hypersensitivity to bupivacaine or to any local anesthetic agent of the amide-type or to other components of BUPIVACAINE SPINAL. • patients …

Bupivacaine Hydrochloride In Dextrose is a prescription medication. You will need a valid prescription from a licensed healthcare provider.

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References & Data Sources

• DailyMed — Bupivacaine Hydrochloride In Dextrose drug label (National Library of Medicine)
• openFDA — Bupivacaine Hydrochloride In Dextrose label data (U.S. Food & Drug Administration)
• RxNorm — RXCUI 1724784 (NLM Normalized Drug Names)
• NDC Directory — Bupivacaine Hydrochloride In Dextrose (FDA National Drug Code)

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