About This Medication
11 DESCRIPTION Moxidectin Tablets contain moxidectin, an anthelmintic drug and a macrocyclic lactone of the milbemycin class derived from the actinomycete Streptomyces cyanogriseus. The chemical name of moxidectin is (2aE,4E,5'R,6R,6'S,8E,11R,13S,15S,17aR,20R,20aR,20bS)-6'-[(E)-1,3-dimethyl-1-butenyl]-5',6,6',7,10,11,14,15,17a,20,20a,20b-dodecahydro-20,20b-dihydroxy-5',6,8,19-tetramethylspiro[11,15-methano-2H,13H,17H-furo[4,3,2-pq][2,6]benzodioxacyclooctadecin-13,2'-[2H]pyran]-4',17(3'H)-dione 4'-(E)-(O-methyloxime). The structural formula is: Figure 1 : Moxidectin Structure Moxidectin is a white or pale-yellow, amorphous powder. The empirical formula is C 37 H 53 NO 8 and the molecular weight is 639.82 Dalton. Moxidectin is readily soluble in organic solvents such as methylene chloride, diethyl ether, ethanol, acetonitrile, and ethyl acetate. It is only slightly soluble in water (0.51 mg/L) and the melting point range for moxidectin powder is 145°C to 154°C. Moxidectin Tablets are for oral administration. Each tablet contains 2 mg of moxidectin. The tablets are uncoated and include the following inactive ingredients: colloidal silicon dioxide, croscarmellose sodium, lactose anhydrous, magnesium stearate, microcrystalline cellulose and sodium lauryl sulfate. Figure 1: Moxidectin Structure
Side Effects Overview
6 ADVERSE REACTIONS The following clinically significant adverse reactions are described in greater detail in other labeling sections: Cutaneous, Ophthalmological and/or Systemic Adverse Reactions [see Warnings and Precautio ns ( 5.1 )] Symptomatic Orthostatic Hypotension [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.2 )] Encephalopathy in Loa loa Co-infected Patients [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.3 )] Edema and Worsening of Onchodermatitis [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.4 )] The most common adverse reactions (incidence > 10%) in adult and pediatric patients (12 to less than 18 years of age) in Trial 1 were eosinophilia, pruritus, musculoskeletal pain, headache, lymphocytopenia, tachycardia, rash, abdominal pain, hypotension, pyrexia, leukocytosis, influenza-like illness, neutropenia, cough, diarrhea/gastroenteritis/enteritis, lymph node pain, dizziness, hyponatremia and peripheral swelling. ( 6.1 ) The most common adverse reactions (incidence > 5%) in pediatric patients (4 to less than 18 years of age) in Trial 3 were abdominal pain and diarrhea. ( 6.1 ) To report SUSPECTED ADVERSE REACTIONS, contact Medicines Development for Global Health at 1-800-MDGH-456 or FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088 or www.fda.gov/medwatch. 6.1 Clinical Trials Experience Because clinical trials are conducted under varying controlled conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in one clinical trial cannot be directly compared to rates observed in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in clinical practice. Clinical Trials Experience in Adults and Pediatric Patients (12 Years to Less than 18 Years of Age) The safety of Moxidectin Tablets was evaluated in two randomized, double-blind, active-controlled studies in patients with confirmed onchocerciasis (Trial 1 and Trial 2) [see Clinical Studies ( 14 )] . In Trial 1, 978 patients (including 53 pediatric patients aged 12 to less than 18 years) received Moxidectin Tablets as a single oral dose of 8 mg and 494 patients received ivermectin (including 24 pediatric patients aged 12 to less than 18 years) as a single oral dose of approximately 150 mcg/kg. In Trial 2, 127 patients aged 18 years or older received Moxidectin Tablets as a single oral dose ranging from 2 mg (this is not an approved dose) to 8 mg (38 received the recommended 8 mg dose) and 45 patients aged 18 years or older received ivermectin as a single oral dose of approximately 150 mcg/kg. Most Common Adverse Reactions No patients withdrew from either trial due to adverse reactions. Adverse Reactions reported in Trial 1 in > 10% of patients are summarized in Table 2. Most were related to physical, vital signs and laboratory changes associated with Mazzotti reaction [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.1 )] . Table 2: Adverse Reactions Occurring in > 10% of Moxidectin-treated Patients with Onchocerciasis in Trial 1 Adverse Reaction Moxidectin N = 978 n (%) Ivermectin N = 494 n (%) Eosinophilia 721 (74) 390 (79) Pruritus 640 (65) 268 (54) Musculoskeletal pain a 623 (64) 257 (52) Headache 566 (58) 267 (54) Lymphocytopenia* 470 (48) 215 (44) Tachycardia b 382 (39) 148(30) Orthostatic tachycardia c 333 (34) 130 (26) Non-orthostatic tachycardia d 179 (18) 57 (12) Rash e 358 (37) 103 (21) Abdominal pain f 305 (31) 173 (35) Hypotension g 289 (30) 125 (25) Orthostatic hypotension h 212 (22) 81 (16) Pyrexia/Chills 268 (27) 88 (18) Leukocytosis 240 (25) 125 (25) Influenza like illness 226 (23) 102 (21) Neutropenia** 197 (20) 112 (23) Cough 168 (17) 88 (18) Lymph node pain 129 (13) 28 (6) Dizziness 121 (12) 44 (9) Diarrhea/Gastroenteritis/Enteritis 144 (15) 84 (17) Hyponatremia 112 (12) 65 (13) Peripheral swelling 107 (11) 30 (6) a Includes “myalgia”, “arthralgia”, “musculoskeletal pain”, “pain” and “back pain” b Includes “orthostatic heart rate increased”, “postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome”, “heart rate increased” and “sinus tachycardia” c Includes “orthostatic heart rate increased” and “postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome” d Includes “heart rate increased”, “tachycardia”, and “sinus tachycardia” e Includes “rash,” “papular rash” and “urticaria” f Includes “abdominal pain”, “abdominal pain upper” and “abdominal pain lower” g Includes “orthostatic hypotension”, “blood pressure orthostatic decreased”, “blood pressure decreased”, “mean arterial pressure decreased”, “hypotension” h Includes “orthostatic hypotension”, and “blood pressure orthostatic decreased” *Lymphocytopenia is defined as absolute lymphocyte count less than 1 x 10 9 /L **Neutropenia is defined as absolute neutrophil count less than 1 x 10 9 /L The most common adverse reactions in patients (N = 38) treated with 8 mg moxidectin in Trial 2 were similar to the adverse reactions noted in Trial 1 described in Table 2above. Other Adverse Reactions Reported in Clinical Trials (Trial 1 and Trial 2) The following adverse reactions occurred in less than 10% of subjects receiving Moxidectin Tablets in Trial 1: Ocular Adverse Reactions : In Trial 1, the most common ocular adverse reactions (occurring in ≥ 0.5% of patients) is shown in Table 3. Table 3: Ocular Adverse Reactions Occurring in ≥ 0.5% Moxidectin-treated Patients Adverse Reaction Moxidectin N = 978 n ( % ) Ivermectin N = 494 n ( % ) Eye pain 78 (8) 28 (6) Eye pruritus 64 (7) 26 (5) Visual impairment* 25 (3) 9 (2) Eyelid edema 21 (2) 5 (1) Conjunctivitis allergic 19 (2) 11 (2) Ocular discomfort** 18 (2) 11 (2) Ocular and conjunctival hyperemia 17 (2) 3 (1) Lacrimation increased 13 (1) 10 (2) *Includes “visual impairment”, “blurred vision” and “low vision acuity” **Includes “foreign body sensation”, “ocular discomfort” and “abnormal sensation in the eye” Hepatobiliary Adverse Reactions More patients in the moxidectin arm experienced elevation in bilirubin above the upper limit of normal and elevation in transaminases > 5x upper limit of normal. Twenty-seven (2.8%) patients in the moxidectin arm and 3 (0.6%) patients in the ivermectin arm had hyperbilirubinemia. Most of the patients had single measurements of hyperbilirubinemia without concurrent elevation in transaminases. Nine (1%) patients in the moxidectin arm and 2 (0.4%) patients in the ivermectin arm had elevation in ALT of more than 5x upper limit of normal; ten (1%) patients in the moxidectin arm and 3 (0.6%) patients in the ivermectin arm had elevation in AST to more than 5x upper limit of normal. Laboratory Abnormalities Laboratory abnormalities occurring in at least 1% of patients in Trial 1 are described in Table 4. Table 4: Laboratory Abnormalities in at least 1% of Moxidectin-treated Patients Parameter MOXIDECTIN ( N = 978) n (%) Ivermectin ( N = 494) n (%) Hematology Severe eosinophilia (> 5 x10 9 /L) 173 (18) 111 (23) Grade 3 lymphocytopenia (< 0.5 x10 9 /L) 220 (23) 98 (20) Grade 4 Neutrophils (< 0.5 x10 9 /L) 65 (7) 46 (9) Eosinopenia (< 0.045 x10 9 /L) 51 (5) 21 (4) Hepatobiliary GGT (> 5x upper limit of normal) 26 (3) 16 (3) Bilirubin (> 2x upper limit of normal) 14 (1) 2 (0.4) AST (> 5x upper limit of normal) 10 (1) 3 (0.6) ALT (> 5x upper limit of normal) 9 (1) 2 (0.4) Clinical Trials Experience in Pediatric Patients (4 Years to Less than 18 Years of Age) The safety of Moxidectin Tablets in pediatric patients is based on data from 2 studies, Trial 1 and Trial 3 (NCT01035619). Pediatric Patients in Trial 1 Trial 1 included 53 pediatric patients aged 12 to less than 18 years with confirmed onchocerciasis who received a single dose of Moxidectin Tablets 8 mg. Pediatric patients with confirmed infection experienced efficacy-related adverse reactions (Mazzotti reactions) such as abdominal pain, tachycardia, pyrexia, rash, peripheral swelling, and lymph node pain at a prevalence and severity similar to infected adults. Overall, the safety profile relative to age was similar across pediatric and adult patients studied in Trial 1. Pediatric Patients in Trial 3 Trial 3 was a single-arm, open-label, age-stratified, multi-cohort, safety and pharmacokinetic trial that evaluated 36 pediatric patients aged 4 to less than 18 years with unknown O. volvulus infection status from an onchocerciasis-endemic area in Ghana. Patients were stratified by age to receive a single dose of Moxidectin Tablets as follows: aged 12 to less than 18 years received 8 mg (N = 9), 8 to less than 12 years received 8 mg (N = 9) or 6 mg (N = 9), and 4 to less than 8 years received 4 mg (N = 9). Median weight was 34.8 kg (range: 30.8 to 55.5 kg) in patients 12 to less than 18 years of age, 25.1 kg (range: 19.4 to 36.8 kg) in patients 8 to less than 12 years, and 15.6 kg (range: 13.6 to 20.6 kg) in patients 4 to less than 8 years. A majority of patients were female (58%) and 100% were black. Mazzotti reactions were not seen in this population with unknown O. volvulus infection. The most common adverse reactions in these pediatric patients were abdominal pain and diarrhea, in 3/36 (8%) patients each. No new safety signals were noted in this pediatric patient population that were not already noted in Trial 1.
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5 WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS Cutaneous, Ophthalmological and/or Systemic Adverse Reactions of Varying Severity (Mazzotti Reaction ) : This may occur in patients with onchocerciasis following treatment with Moxidectin Tablets. Monitor patients for symptoms, including symptomatic orthostatic hypotension. ( 5.1 ) Symptomatic Orthostatic Hypotension : Episodes of symptomatic orthostatic hypotension including inability to stand without support may occur in patients following treatment with Moxidectin Tablets. ( 5.2 ) Encephalopathy in Loa loa C o- I nfected P atients : Serious or even fatal encephalopathy following treatment with Moxidectin Tablets may occur in patients co-infected with Loa loa . Assess patients for loiasis in Loa loa endemic areas prior to treatment. ( 5.3 ) Edema and Worsening of Onchodermatitis : Patients with hyper-reactive onchodermatitis (sowda) may be more likely than others to experience severe edema and aggravation of onchodermatitis. ( 5.4 ) 5.1 Cutaneous, Ophthalmological and/or Systemic Adverse Reactions Treatment with Moxidectin Tablets may cause cutaneous, ophthalmological and/or systemic reactions of varying severity (Mazzotti reaction). These adverse reactions are due to allergic and inflammatory host responses to the death of microfilariae [see Adverse Reactions ( 6.1 )]. There is a trend toward an increased incidence of these adverse reactions in patients with higher microfilarial burden. The clinical manifestations of Mazzotti reaction include pruritus, headache, pyrexia, rash, urticaria, hypotension (including symptomatic orthostatic hypotension and dizziness) [ see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.2 )] , tachycardia, edema, lymphadenopathy, arthralgia, myalgia, chills, paresthesia and asthenia. Ophthalmological manifestations include conjunctivitis, eye pain, eye pruritus, eyelid swelling, blurred vision, photophobia, changes in visual acuity, hyperemia, ocular discomfort and watery eyes. These adverse reactions generally occur and resolve in the first week post-treatment. Laboratory changes include eosinophilia, eosinopenia, lymphocytopenia, neutropenia, and increases in alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). Proteinuria has also been reported. Treatment of severe Mazzotti reactions has not been evaluated in controlled clinical trials. Symptomatic treatments such as oral hydration, recumbency, intravenous normal saline, and/or parenteral corticosteroids have been used to treat orthostatic hypotension. Antihistamines and/or analgesics have been used for most mild to moderate cases. 5.2 Symptomatic Orthostatic Hypotension An increased number of patients who received Moxidectin Tablets developed symptomatic orthostatic hypotension with inability to stand without support after lying down for 5 minutes (in an orthostatic hypotension provocation test); 47/978 (5%) compared with 8/494 (2%) who received ivermectin. The decreases in blood pressure were transient, managed by resumption of recumbency and most commonly occurred on Days 1 and 2 post-treatment. Advise patients that if they feel dizzy or light-headed after taking Moxidectin Tablets, they should lie down until the symptoms resolve. 5.3 Encephalopathy in Loa loa Co - infected Patients Patients with onchocerciasis who are also infected with Loa loa may develop a serious or even fatal encephalopathy following treatment with Moxidectin Tablets. Moxidectin Tablets have not been studied in patients co-infected with Loa loa . Therefore, it is recommended that individuals who warrant treatment with Moxidectin Tablets and have had exposure to Loa loa -endemic areas undergo diagnostic screening for loiasis prior to treatment. 5.4 Edema and Worsening of Onchodermatitis Patients with hyper-reactive onchodermatitis (sowda) may be more likely than others to experience severe edema and worsening of onchodermatitis following the use of Moxidectin Tablets. Symptomatic treatment has been used to manage patients who have experienced edema and worsening of onchodermatitis.
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12.3 Pharmacokinetics The pharmacokinetic parameters of moxidectin following a single 8 mg oral dose of Moxidectin Tablets to healthy subjects and patients with onchocerciasis under fasted conditions are shown in Table 5. Mean moxidectin C max and AUC increased approximately proportionally to dose over a dose range of 2 to 36 mg (0.25 to 4.5 times the approved recommended dose) in healthy subjects under fasted conditions. Table 5: Mean (± SD) Pharmacokinetic Parameters of Moxidectin Following a Single 8 mg Oral Dose of Moxidectin Tablets to Healthy Subjects and Patients with Onchocerciasis Under Fasted Conditions PK Parameter Healthy Subjects (N = 27 ) Patients with Onchocerciasis (N = 3 1 ) C max (ng/mL) 58.9 ± 12.5 63.1 ± 20.0 T max * (hours) 4 (2, 8) 4 (1, 4) AUC inf (ng•h/mL) 3387 ± 1328 2738 ± 1606 Half-life (hours) 784 ± 347 559 ± 525 C max = maximum plasma concentration; T max = time to reach C max ; AUC inf = area under the plasma concentration-time curve from time 0 to infinity; * Median (range) Absorption Effect of Food Moxidectin mean C max and AUC increased on average by 34% and 39%, respectively, when administered with a standard high fat meal (900 calories, with a nutritional distribution of approximately 55% fat, 31% carbohydrates and 14% protein), compared to fasted conditions [see Dosage and Administration ( 2.1 )] . Distribution The apparent mean ± SD volume of distribution of moxidectin is 2421 ± 1658 L in patients with onchocerciasis. The plasma protein binding in humans is 99.92%. Elimination The mean terminal half-life of moxidectin in patients with onchocerciasis is 23.3 days (559 hours) following a single 8 mg dose of Moxidectin Tablets. The apparent mean ± SD total clearance of moxidectin is approximately 3.50 ± 1.23 L/hour in patients with onchocerciasis. Metabolism The hepatic metabolism of moxidectin is minimal. Excretion Following administration of a single 8 mg oral dose of Moxidectin Tablets to healthy subjects, 2% of the dose is eliminated unchanged in the feces within the first 72 hours. Renal elimination of intact drug is negligible. Specific Populations In clinical studies, no clinically significant differences in the pharmacokinetics of moxidectin were observed based on age (18 to 60 years), sex, weight (42.7 to 107.2 kg), or renal impairment (creatinine clearance (CrCL) 47 to 89 mL/min, estimated by Cockcroft-Gault). The pharmacokinetics of moxidectin in patients with CrCL less than 47 mL/min is unknown. The pharmacokinetics of moxidectin in patients with hepatic impairment is unknown. Patients with Renal Impairment Based on a population pharmacokinetic analysis and negligible renal elimination of moxidectin, mild (creatinine clearance (CrCL), estimated by Cockcroft-Gault of 60 to 89 mL/min) and moderate (CrCL 30 to 59 mL/min) renal impairment is not likely to have an impact on the exposure of moxidectin. The effect of severe renal impairment (CrCL 15 to 29 mL/min) or of end-stage renal disease on the pharmacokinetics of moxidectin is unknown. Pediatric Patients A pharmacokinetic study was conducted in 36 pediatric patients aged 4 to 17 years with unknown O. volvulus infection status who were administered a single dose of moxidectin (4, 6, or 8 mg). Body weight was identified as a key covariate in the population pharmacokinetic analysis. The simulated mean pharmacokinetic parameters of moxidectin following a single 4, 6, and 8 mg oral dose of Moxidectin Tablets in a U.S. pediatric population weighing 13 kg to less than 15 kg, 15 kg to less than 30 kg, and 30 kg and greater, respectively, are shown in Table 6. Table 6: Mean (CV%) Pharmacokinetic Parameters for Moxidectin Following a Single Oral Weight Based Dose of Moxidectin Tablets in Pediatric Patients PK Parameter Following 4 mg single dose in pediatric patients weighing 13 kg to less than 15 kg Following 6 mg single dose in pediatric patients weighing 15 kg to less than 30 kg Following 8 mg single dose in pediatric patients weighing 30 kg and greater C max (ng/mL) 80.9 (22.3%) 90.9 (26.2%) 65.2 (30.7%) T max (hours) 3.4 (34.1%) 3.5 (34.7%) 3.5 (34.1%) AUC inf (ng•h/mL) 2388.8 (42.2%) 2840.2 (43.7%) 2660.5 (41.9%) Half-life (hours) 299.0 (36.4%) 338.2 (41.0%) 545.8 (50.9%) C max = maximum plasma concentration; T max = time to reach C max ; AUC inf = area under the plasma concentration-time curve from time 0 to infinity; CV = coefficient of variation Drug Interaction Studie s Clinical Study with Midazolam (CYP3A4 substrate ) Co-administration of a single 8 mg dose of Moxidectin Tablets with a single oral 7.5 mg dose of midazolam (a sensitive CYP3A substrate) to healthy subjects (n = 37) did not affect the pharmacokinetics of midazolam or its major metabolite, 1-hydroxy midazolam. In Vitro Studies CYP Enzymes: Moxidectin is not a substrate or inhibitor of CYP enzymes. Uridine 5'-diphospho-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs): Moxidectin is not a UGT substrate. Transporter Systems: Moxidectin is not a substrate of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) nor breast cancer resistance protein 1 (BCRP1).