Brivaracetam Oral

1 INDICATIONS & USAGE Brivaracetam oral solution is indicated for the treatment of partial-onset seizures in patients 1 month of age and older. Brivaracetam oral solution is indicated for the treatment of partial-onset seizures in patients 1 month of age and older. ( 1 )

2 DOSAGE & ADMINISTRATION Adults (16 Years and Older): The recommended starting dosage for monotherapy or adjunctive therapy is 50 mg twice daily (100 mg per day). Based on individual patient tolerability and therapeutic response, the dosage may be adjusted down to 25 mg twice daily (50 mg per day) or up to 100 mg twice daily (200 mg per day). ( 2.1 ) Pediatric Patients (1 Month to less than 16 Years): The recommended dosage is based on body weight and is administered orally twice daily ( 2.1 ) Hepatic Impairment: Dose adjustment is recommended for all stages of hepatic impairment. ( 2.5 ) 2.1 Dosage Information Monotherapy or Adjunctive Therapy The recommended dosage for patients 1 month of age and older is included in Table 1. In pediatric patients weighing less than 50 kg, the recommended dosing regimen is dependent upon body weight. When initiating treatment, gradual dose escalation is not required. Dosage should be adjusted based on clinical response and tolerability. Table 1: Recommended Dosage for Patients 1 Month of Age and Older Age and Body Weight Initial Dosage Minimum and Maximum Maintenance Dosage Adults (16 years and older) 50 mg twice daily (100 mg per day) 25 mg to 100 mg twice daily (50 mg to 200 mg per day) Pediatric patients weighing 50 kg or more 25 mg to 50 mg twice daily (50 mg to 100 mg per day) 25 mg to 100 mg twice daily (50 mg to 200 mg per day) Pediatric patients weighing 20 kg to less than 50 kg 0.5 mg/kg to 1 mg/kg twice daily (1 mg/kg to 2 mg/kg per day) 0.5 mg/kg to 2 mg/kg twice daily (1 mg/kg to 4 mg/kg per day) Pediatric patients weighing 11 kg to less than 20 kg 0.5 mg/kg to 1.25 mg/kg twice daily (1 mg/kg to 2.5 mg/kg per day) 0.5 mg/kg to 2.5 mg/kg twice daily (1 mg/kg to 5 mg/kg per day) Pediatric patients weighing less than 11 kg 0.75 mg/kg to 1.5 mg/kg twice daily (1.5 mg/kg to 3 mg/kg per day) 0.75 mg/kg to 3 mg/kg twice daily (1.5 mg/kg to 6 mg/kg per day 2.2 Administration Instructions for Brivaracetam Oral Solution Brivaracetam oral solution can be initiated with oral administration. Brivaracetam oral solution may be taken with or without food. Brivaracetam Oral Solution A calibrated measuring device is recommended to measure and deliver the prescribed dose accurately. A household teaspoon or tablespoon is not an adequate measuring device. When using brivaracetam oral solution, no dilution is necessary. Brivaracetam oral solution may also be administered using a nasogastric tube or gastrostomy tube. Discard any unused brivaracetam oral solution remaining after 5 months of first opening the bottle. 2.4 Discontinuation of Brivaracetam Oral Solution Avoid abrupt withdrawal from brivaracetam in order to minimize the risk of increased seizure frequency and status epilepticus [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.6 ) and Clinical Studies ( 14 )] . 2.5 Patients with Hepatic Impairment The recommended dosage for patients with hepatic impairment is included in Table 2 [see Use in Specific Populations ( 8.7 ) and Clinical Pharmacology ( 12.3 )] . Table 2: Recommended Dosage for Patients with Hepatic Impairment Age and Body Weight Initial Dosage Maximum Maintenance Dosage Adults (16 years and older) 25 mg twice daily (50 mg per day) 75 mg twice daily (150 mg per day) Pediatric patients weighing 50 kg or more Pediatric patients weighing 20 kg to less than 50 kg 0.5 mg/kg twice daily (1 mg/kg per day) 1.5 mg/kg twice daily (3 mg/kg per day) Pediatric patients weighing 11 kg to less than 20 kg 0.5 mg/kg twice daily (1 mg/kg per day) 2 mg/kg twice daily (4 mg/kg per day) Pediatric patients weighing less than 11 kg 0.75 mg/kg twice daily (1.5 mg/kg per day) 2.25 mg/kg twice daily (4.5 mg/kg per day) 2.6 Co-administration with Rifampin Increase the brivaracetam oral solution dosage in patients on concomitant rifampin by up to 100% (i.e., double the dosage) [see Drug Interactions ( 7.1 ) and Clinical Pharmacology ( 12.3 )] .

6 ADVERSE REACTIONS The following serious adverse reactions are described elsewhere in labeling: Suicidal Behavior and Ideation [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.1 )] Neurological Adverse Reactions [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.2 )] Psychiatric Adverse Reactions [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.3 )] Hypersensitivity: Bronchospasm and Angioedema [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.4 )] Serious Dermatologic Reactions [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.5 )] Withdrawal of Antiepileptic Drugs [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.6 )] Adults: Most common adverse reactions (at least 5% for brivaracetam oral solution and at least 2% more frequently than placebo) are somnolence/sedation, dizziness, fatigue, and nausea/vomiting. ( 6.1 ) Pediatric Patients: Most common adverse reactions are similar to those seen in adult patients. ( 6.1 ) To report SUSPECTED ADVERSE REACTIONS, contact at +1 833 856 0880 or FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088 or www.fda.gov/medwatch. 6.1 Clinical Trials Experience Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of a drug cannot be directly compared to rates in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in practice. In all controlled and uncontrolled trials performed in adult epilepsy patients, brivaracetam was administered as adjunctive therapy to 2437 patients. Of these patients, 1929 were treated for at least 6 months, 1500 for at least 12 months, 1056 for at least 24 months, and 758 for at least 36 months. A total of 1558 patients (1099 patients treated with brivaracetam and 459 patients treated with placebo) constituted the safety population in the pooled analysis of Phase 3 placebo-controlled studies in patients with partial-onset seizures (Studies 1, 2, and 3) [see Clinical Studies ( 14 )] . The adverse reactions presented in Table 4 are based on this safety population; the median length of treatment in these studies was 12 weeks. Of the patients in those studies, approximately 51% were male, 74% were Caucasian, and the mean age was 38 years. In the Phase 3 controlled epilepsy studies, adverse events occurred in 68% of patients treated with brivaracetam and 62% treated with placebo. The most common adverse reactions occurring at a frequency of at least 5% in patients treated with brivaracetam doses of at least 50 mg/day and greater than placebo were somnolence and sedation (16%), dizziness (12%), fatigue (9%), and nausea and vomiting symptoms (5%). The discontinuation rates due to adverse events were 5%, 8%, and 7% for patients randomized to receive brivaracetam at the recommended doses of 50 mg, 100 mg, and 200 mg/day, respectively, compared to 4% in patients randomized to receive placebo. Table 4 lists adverse reactions for brivaracetam that occurred at least 2% more frequently for brivaracetam doses of at least 50 mg/day than placebo. Table 4: Adverse Reactions in Pooled Placebo-Controlled Adjunctive Therapy Studies in Adult Patients with Partial- Onset Seizures (Brivaracetam 50 mg/day, 100 mg/day, and 200 mg/day) Adverse Reactions Brivaracetam (N=803) % Placebo (N=459) % Gastrointestinal disorders Nausea/vomiting symptoms 5 3 Constipation 2 0 Nervous system disorders Somnolence and sedation 16 8 Dizziness 12 7 Fatigue 9 4 Cerebellar coordination and balance disturbances* 3 1 Psychiatric disorders Irritability 3 1 * Cerebellar coordination and balance disturbances includes ataxia, balance disorder, coordination abnormal, and nystagmus. There was no apparent dose-dependent increase in adverse reactions listed in Table 4 with the exception of somnolence and sedation. Pediatric Patients Safety of Brivaracetam was evaluated in two open-label, safety and pharmacokinetic trials in pediatric patients 2 months to less than 16 years of age. Across studies of pediatric patients with partial onset seizures, 186 patients received brivaracetam oral solution or tablet, of whom 123 received brivaracetam for at least 12 months. Adverse reactions reported in clinical studies of pediatric patients were generally similar to those seen in adult patients. Decreased appetite was also observed in these pediatric trials. Hematologic Abnormalities Brivaracetam can cause hematologic abnormalities. In the Phase 3 controlled adjunctive epilepsy studies, a total of 1.8% of brivaracetam-treated patients and 1.1% of placebo-treated patients had at least one clinically significant decreased white blood cell count (<3.0 x 109/L), and 0.3% of brivaracetam-treated patients and 0% of placebo-treated patients had at least one clinically significant decreased neutrophil count (<1.0 x 109/L). Comparison by Sex There were no significant differences by sex in the incidence of adverse reactions. 6.2 Postmarketing Experience The following adverse reactions have been identified during post approval use of brivaracetam oral solution. Because these reactions are reported voluntarily from a population of uncertain size, it is not always possible to reliably estimate their frequency or establish a causal relationship to drug exposure. Skin and Subcutaneous Tissue Disorders: Serious dermatologic reactions (e.g., Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis) [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.5 )]

12.3 Pharmacokinetics Brivaracetam tablets, oral solution, and injection can be used interchangeably. Brivaracetam exhibits linear and time-independent pharmacokinetics at the approved doses. The pharmacokinetics of brivaracetam are similar when used as monotherapy or as adjunctive therapy for the treatment of partial onset seizures. Absorption Brivaracetam is highly permeable and is rapidly and almost completely absorbed after oral administration. Pharmacokinetics is dose-proportional from 10 to 600 mg (a range that extends beyond the minimum and maximum single-administration dose levels described in Dosage and Administration [see Dosage and Administration ( 2.1 )] . The median T max for tablets taken without food is 1 hour (range 0.25 to 3 hours). Co-administration with a high-fat meal slowed absorption, but the extent of absorption remained unchanged. Specifically, when a 50 mg tablet was administered with a high-fat meal, C max (maximum brivaracetam plasma concentration during a dose interval, an exposure metric) was decreased by 37% and T max was delayed by 3 hours, but AUC (area under the brivaracetam plasma concentration versus time curve, an exposure metric) was essentially unchanged (decreased by 5%). Distribution Brivaracetam is weakly bound to plasma proteins (≤20%). The volume of distribution is 0.5 L/kg, a value close to that of the total body water. Brivaracetam is rapidly and evenly distributed in most tissues. Elimination Metabolism Brivaracetam is primarily metabolized by hydrolysis of the amide moiety to form the corresponding carboxylic acid metabolite, and secondarily by hydroxylation on the propyl side chain to form the hydroxy metabolite. The hydrolysis reaction is mediated by hepatic and extra-hepatic amidase. The hydroxylation pathway is mediated primarily by CYP2C19. In human subjects possessing genetic variations in CYP2C19, production of the hydroxy metabolite is decreased 2-fold or 10-fold, while the blood level of brivaracetam itself is increased by 22% or 42%, respectively, in individuals with one or both mutated alleles. CYP2C19 poor metabolizers and patients using inhibitors of CYP2C19 may require dose reduction. An additional hydroxyl acid metabolite is created by hydrolysis of the amide moiety on the hydroxy metabolite or hydroxylation of the propyl side chain on the carboxylic acid metabolite (mainly by CYP2C9). None of the 3 metabolites are pharmacologically active. Excretion Brivaracetam is eliminated primarily by metabolism and by excretion in the urine. More than 95% of the dose, including metabolites, is excreted in the urine within 72 hours after intake. Fecal excretion accounts for less than 1% of the dose. Less than 10% of the dose is excreted unchanged in the urine. Thirty-four percent of the dose is excreted as the carboxylic acid metabolite in urine. The terminal plasma half-life (t1/2) is approximately 9 hours. Specific Populations Age Pediatric Patients (2 months to less than 16 years): An open-label, single-arm, multicenter, pharmacokinetic study with a 3- week evaluation period and fixed 3-step up-titration using brivaracetam oral solution was conducted in 99 pediatric patients 2 months to less than 16 years of age. In those patients, plasma concentrations were shown to be dose-proportional. The pediatric pharmacokinetic profile for brivaracetam was determined in a population pharmacokinetic analysis using sparse plasma concentration data obtained in three open-label studies in 255 adult and pediatric patients with epilepsy 2 months to 22 years of age that received intravenous, oral solution, or oral tablet formulations. A weight-based dosing regimen is necessary to achieve brivaracetam exposures in pediatric patients 1 month to less than 16 years of age that are similar to those observed in adults treated at effective doses of brivaracetam [see Dosage and Administration ( 2.2 )] . The estimated plasma clearance was 1.09 L/h, 1.81 L/h, and 3.11 L/h for pediatric patients weighing 11 kg, 20 kg, and 50 kg, respectively. In comparison, plasma clearance was estimated at 3.58 L/h in adult patients (70 kg body weight). Geriatric Population: In a study in elderly subjects (65 to 79 years old; creatinine clearance 53 to 98 mL/min/1.73 m²) receiving brivaracetam 200 mg twice daily (2 times the highest recommended dosage), the plasma half-life of brivaracetam was 7.9 hours and 9.3 hours in the 65 to 75 and >75 years groups, respectively. The steady-state plasma clearance of brivaracetam was slightly lower (0.76 mL/min/kg) than in young healthy controls (0.83 mL/min/kg). Sex There were no differences observed in the pharmacokinetics of brivaracetam between male and female subjects. Race/Ethnicity A population pharmacokinetic analysis comparing Caucasian and non-Caucasian patients showed no significant pharmacokinetic difference. Renal Impairment A study in adult subjects with severe renal impairment (creatinine clearance <30 mL/min/1.73m² and not requiring dialysis) revealed that the plasma AUC of brivaracetam was moderately increased (21%) relative to healthy controls, while the AUCs of the acid, hydroxy, and hydroxyacid metabolites were increased 3-fold, 4-fold, and 21-fold, respectively. The renal clearance of these inactive metabolites was decreased 10-fold. Brivaracetam has not been studied in patients undergoing hemodialysis [see Use in Specific Populations ( 8.6 )] . Hepatic Impairment A pharmacokinetic study in adult subjects with hepatic cirrhosis, Child-Pugh grades A, B, and C, showed 50%, 57%, and 59% increases in brivaracetam exposure, respectively, compared to matched healthy controls. The effect of hepatic impairment on brivaracetam pharmacokinetics in pediatric patients is expected to be comparable to the effect observed in adults [see Dosage and Administration ( 2.5 ) and Use in Specific Populations ( 8.7 )] . Drug Interaction Studies In Vitro Assessment of Drug Interactions Drug-Metabolizing Enzyme Inhibition Brivaracetam did not inhibit CYP1A2, 2A6, 2B6, 2C8, 2C9, 2D6, or 3A4. Brivaracetam weakly inhibited CYP2C19 and would not be expected to cause significant inhibition of CYP2C19 in humans. Brivaracetam was an inhibitor of epoxide hydrolase, (IC50 = 8.2 μM), suggesting that brivaracetam can inhibit the enzyme in vivo. Drug-Metabolizing Enzyme Induction Brivaracetam at concentrations up to 10 μM caused little or no change of mRNA expression of CYP1A2, 2B6, 2C9, 2C19, 3A4, and epoxide hydrolase. It is unlikely that brivaracetam will induce these enzymes in vivo. Transporters Brivaracetam was not a substrate of P-gp, MRP1, or MRP2. Brivaracetam did not inhibit or weakly inhibit BCRP, BSEP, MATE1, MATE2/K, MRP2, OAT1, OAT3, OCT1, OCT2, OATP1B1, OATP1B3, or P-gp, suggesting that brivaracetam is unlikely to inhibit these transporters in vivo. In Vivo Assessment of Drug Interactions Drug Interaction Studies with Antiepileptic Drugs (AEDs) Potential interactions between brivaracetam (25 mg twice daily to 100 mg twice daily) and other AEDs were investigated in a pooled analysis of plasma drug concentrations from all Phase 2 and 3 studies and in a population exposure-response analysis of placebo-controlled, Phase 3 studies in adjunctive therapy in the treatment of partial-onset seizures. None of the interactions require changes in the dose of brivaracetam. Interactions with carbamazepine and phenytoin can be clinically important [see Drug Interactions ( 7.2 ) and ( 7.3 )] . The interactions are summarized in Table 5. Table 5: Drug Interactions Between Brivaracetam and Concomitant Antiepileptic Drugs Concomitant AED Influence of AED on Brivaracetam Influence of Brivaracetam on AED Carbamazepine 26% decrease in plasma concentration None for carbamazepine Increase of carbamazepine-epoxide metabolite* [see Drug Interactions (7.2)] Lacosamide No data None Lamotrigine None None Levetiracetam None None Oxcarbazepine None None on the active monohydroxy metabolite derivative (MHD) Phenobarbital 19% decrease in plasma concentration None Phenytoin 21% decrease in plasma concentration Up to 20% increase in plasma concentration [see Drug Interactions (7.3)]** Pregabalin No data None Topiramate None None Valproic acid None None Zonisamide No data None * Brivaracetam is a reversible inhibitor of epoxide hydrolase resulting in an increased concentration of carbamazepine epoxide, an active metabolite of carbamazepine. The carbamazepine epoxide plasma concentration increased up to 198% at a brivaracetam dose of 100 mg twice daily. ** At a supratherapeutic dose of 400 mg/day brivaracetam, there was a 20% increase in phenytoin plasma concentration. Drug Interaction Studies with Other Drugs Effect of Other Drugs on Brivaracetam Co-administration with CYP inhibitors or transporter inhibitors is unlikely to significantly affect brivaracetam exposure. Co-administration with rifampin decreases brivaracetam plasma concentrations by 45%, an effect that is probably the result of CYP2C19 induction [see Dosage and Administration ( 2.6 ) and Drug Interactions ( 7.1 )] . Oral Contraceptives Co-administration of brivaracetam 200 mg twice daily (twice the recommended maximum daily dosage) with an oral contraceptive containing ethinylestradiol (0.03 mg) and levonorgestrel (0.15 mg) reduced estrogen and progestin AUCs by 27% and 23%, respectively, without impact on suppression of ovulation. However, co-administration of brivaracetam 50 mg twice daily with an oral contraceptive containing ethinylestradiol (0.03 mg) and levonorgestrel (0.15 mg) did not significantly influence the pharmacokinetics of either substance. The interaction is not expected to be of clinical significance.